Lecture 8

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Question 1 of 34

What is the structure of a venule?
Thin walled, larger diameter than arteriole, single layer epithelium.

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Question 2 of 34

How does its size compare to a capillary?
5 times.

Question 2 of 34

Question 3 of 34

How can you identify a WBC?
Nucleus inside.

Question 3 of 34

Question 4 of 34

How does it exit the venule?
Squeezes between epithelial cells.

Question 4 of 34

Question 5 of 34

What are the characteristics of a vein’s structure? (4)
Thin walled, large, constricts on volume drop similar to muscular artery but less muscle.

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Question 6 of 34

What happens if leg muscles are not moved for a long time?
Blood leaks through valves and edema occurs because of pressure increases.

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Question 7 of 34

What stage dos the heart supply blood to the coronary arteries?
Diastole.

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Question 8 of 34

What part of the heart does the LCA supply?
Left and anterior.

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Question 9 of 34

What part of the heart does the RCA supply?
Right and posterior.

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Question 10 of 34

Why does the blood flow move through diastole? (in CA’s)
During systole the coronary arteries are being squeezed.

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Question 11 of 34

What type of artery are the coronary arteries?
Muscular arteries.

Question 11 of 34

Question 12 of 34

What is atherosclerosis?
Narrowing of lumen due to build-up of fatty plaque.

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Question 13 of 34

What is ischemia?
Decrease in blood supply to heart results in pain to chest (arm/shoulder).

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Question 14 of 34

How does coronary infarction affect heart function? (2)
Wall unable to contract / impede conduction.

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Question 15 of 34

What is mitral regurgitation?
Mitral valve leaks and blood escapes ventricle into atrium during systole.

Question 15 of 34

Question 16 of 34

What does dilated cardiomyopathy mean?
Dilated = increased lumen. Cardio = heart. Myo = muscle. Pathy = disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 16 of 34

Question 17 of 34

What does idiopathic mean?
Idio = don’t know. Pathy = disease.

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Question 18 of 34

What changes in the structure of the heart due to lengthening fibres?
Lumen increases, mitral valves no longer close.

Question 18 of 34

Question 19 of 34

What happens to the mitral valve?
Does not grow fast enough to meet increasing lumen.

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Question 20 of 34

What is this referred to as?
Mitral incompetence.

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Question 21 of 34

How do you screen for mitral regurgitation? (2)
Ultrasound / heart sounds.

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Question 22 of 34

What part of the cardiac cycle will display mitral regurgitation?
Systole.

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Question 23 of 34

Where on the heart does the first heart sound occur during systole?
Ventricle.

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Question 24 of 34

Where in the heart does the second heart sound occur?
Arteries (pulmonic and aortic).

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Question 25 of 34

Where should you place the stethoscope to hear mitral regurgitation?
Over the atrium.

Question 25 of 34

Question 26 of 34

What is the average pressure of: [i] LV, [ii] Aorta, systemic arteries, arterioles, [iii] systemic capillaries, [iv] RA, [v] RV, [vi] Pulmonary Capillaries, [vii] Veins, [viii] LA (draw graph to make easier)
i) 100 mmHg ii) 90 mmHg iii) 25 mmHg iv) 3 mmHg v) 25 mmHg vi) 20 mmHg vii) 18 mmHg viii) 15 mmHg

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Question 27 of 34

With diluted cardiomyopathy, what would happen to the pressures of: i) LA ii) Venous (pulmonary) iii) Capillaries (pulmonary)
i) Increase to 15 mmHg. ii) Increase to 18 mmHg. iii) Increase to 20 mmHg.

Question 27 of 34

Question 28 of 34

What happens to the lungs with greater pressure in capillaries?
Increase pressure => increase interstitial fluid (pulmonary edema).

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Question 29 of 34

Because CO must be maintained, and blood is lost to LA, what does the LV do?
Dilates to normalise stroke volume.

Question 29 of 34

Question 30 of 34

What does the LA do?
Wall thickening increases because of pressure and workload.

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Question 31 of 34

What happens when lungs suffer edema? (2) Cause-effect.
Waterlogged => harder to breathe => laboured breathing.

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Question 32 of 34

What is this laboured breathing called?
Dyspnoea.

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Question 33 of 34

What is the viscous circle caused by? (Draw)

Question 33 of 34

Question 34 of 34

What is the surgical procedure to fix dilated cardiomyopathy?
Valve replacement.

Question 34 of 34