HomeCoursesMEDSCI 203: Mechanisms of DiseaseLecture 22 Lecture 22 1. What is anoxia? Complete lack of O2What is anoxia? ==Complete lack of O2 2. What causes ischaemia? Deficiency in blood flow, increase in blood demandWhat causes ischaemia? ==Deficiency in blood flow, increase in blood demand 3. Which organ is the most sensitive to ischaemia? NeuronsWhich organ is the most sensitive to ischaemia?== Neurons 4. Which cells are the next most sensitive to ischaemia?= = Renal proximal convoluted tubule Which cells are the next most sensitive to ischaemia?= = Renal proximal convoluted tubule 5. Which cells are moderately sensitive to ischaemia? MyocardiaWhich cells are moderately sensitive to ischaemia?== Myocardia 6. Which cells are the next less sensitive to ischamia? Skeletal muscleWhich cells are the next less sensitive to ischamia?== Skeletal muscle 7. Which cells are not sensitve to ischaemia? Fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophilsWhich cells are not sensitve to ischaemia?== Fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils 8. Which cells function better under ischaemia? NeutrophilsWhich cells function better under ischaemia?== Neutrophils 9. Why do neutrophils function well under hypoxia? Hypoxia inducing factorsWhy do neutrophils function well under hypoxia?== Hypoxia inducing factors 10. What does activation of HIF create? NF-kβ, increased survival of cells through less apoptosis and neutrophilsWhat does activation of HIF create? ==NF-kβ, increased survival of cells through less apoptosis and neutrophils 11. How does moderate ischaemia change cells? Decrease in ATP, increase signal cascades to reduce cell deathHow does moderate ischaemia change cells?== Decrease in ATP, increase signal cascades to reduce cell death 12. How does hyposica affect cells? Decrease in O2 -> decrease ATP -> decreased function of ATP pumpsHow does hyposica affect cells?== Decrease in O2 -> decrease ATP -> decreased function of ATP pumps 13. What is the result of an Na/K pump failure? Increase Na and Ca ions in the cell leads to swellingWhat is the result of an Na/K pump failure?== Increase Na and Ca ions in the cell leads to swelling 14. What does a decrease in aerobic respiration result in? Increase in anaerobic activityWhat does a decrease in aerobic respiration result in?== Increase in anaerobic activity 15. What is the result of increased anaerobic glycolysis? Decrease pHWhat is the result of increased anaerobic glycolysis? ==Decrease pH 16. What does a decrease in pH result in? Chromatin clumpingWhat does a decrease in pH result in?== Chromatin clumping 17. What else is affected by a decrease in ATP? Decrease in protein synthasis, increase in lipid depositionWhat else is affected by a decrease in ATP?== Decrease in protein synthasis, increase in lipid deposition 18. What causes decrease in apoptosis?= =decrease in ATP (apoptosis requires energy) What causes decrease in apoptosis?= =decrease in ATP (apoptosis requires energy) 19. What process causes the most damage during anoxia? NecrosisWhat process causes the most damage during anoxia? ==Necrosis 20. What process causes the next most damage during anoxia? ApoptosisWhat process causes the next most damage during anoxia?== Apoptosis 21. What process causes the least damage during anoxia? DysfunctionWhat process causes the least damage during anoxia?== Dysfunction 22. What are the determinants of damage during occulusion ischaemia? End organ vs collateral circulation, size of vessel, speed of onset, duration of occlusion, reperfusion, metabolic demand of oxygenWhat are the determinants of damage during occulusion ischaemia?== End organ vs collateral circulation, size of vessel, speed of onset, duration of occlusion, reperfusion, metabolic demand of oxygen 23. What type of cell death is infarction? NecrosisWhat type of cell death is infarction?== Necrosis 24. What can cause infarction? Thrombosis, embolism, spasm, torsion, compressionWhat can cause infarction?== Thrombosis, embolism, spasm, torsion, compression 25. What is a red infarction? Small amount of blood supplied to a dead tissue which haemorrhagesWhat is a red infarction?== Small amount of blood supplied to a dead tissue which haemorrhages 26. What is a white infarct? Solid tissue supplied by one arteryWhat is a white infarct?== Solid tissue supplied by one artery 27. What pattern of necrosis is the result of an infaction? CoagulativeWhat pattern of necrosis is the result of an infaction?== Coagulative 28. 29. What is angina pectoris? Pain in the chest during exerciseWhat is angina pectoris? ==Pain in the chest during exercise 30. What can chronic IHD lead to? Myocardial infarctionWhat can chronic IHD lead to? ==Myocardial infarction 31. What is a transmural infarction? Infarction of the full thickness of heart wallWhat is a transmural infarction? ==Infarction of the full thickness of heart wall 32. What other common injury is caused by atherosclerosis? Cerebral ischaemic injuryWhat other common injury is caused by atherosclerosis?== Cerebral ischaemic injury 33. What happens within 24 hours of a myocardial infarction Neutrophils invate from margins (acute inflammation)What happens within 24 hours of a myocardial infarction== Neutrophils invate from margins (acute inflammation) 34. What happens within 1-3 days after a myocardial infarction?== Macrophages and lymphocytes arrive 35. What do macrophages do? Secrete GFs to recruit fibroblast and endothelial cells (organisation)What do macrophages do?==Secrete GFs to recruit fibroblast and endothelial cells (organisation) 36. What do fibroblasts and endothelial cells do? Neoangiogenesis, granulationWhat do fibroblasts and endothelial cells do?== Neoangiogenesis, granulation 37. What happens over the 6-8 wks following an MI? fibrosis or regenerationWhat happens over the 6-8 wks following an MI?== fibrosis or regeneration 38. What is the treatment for MIs? Thrombolitic agents, stenting, angioplastyWhat is the treatment for MIs?== Thrombolitic agents, stenting, angioplasty 39. What complications result from MI? Mural thrombi, dysrhythmia, heart failure, reperfusion injuryWhat complications result from MI? ==Mural thrombi, dysrhythmia, heart failure, reperfusion injury 40. How do long periods of ischaemia followed by reperfusion affect tissues?== Increase in ROS leads to protein damage, DNA damage, lipid peroxidisation, membrane damage 41. What does a decrease in aerobic respiration result in? Increase in anaerobic activityWhat does a decrease in aerobic respiration result in?== Increase in anaerobic activity Loading...
