Lecture 12

1.
What causes chronic inflammation of the oesophagus?
Gastric reflux
2.
What does chronic inflammation of the oesophagus (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease or GORD) lead to?
Barret's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma
3.
What causes chronic inflammation of the colon?
"Diet, dysbiosis of commensal bacteria"
4.
What does chronic inflammation of the colon lead to?
"IBD, ulceration, Chron's, adenocarcinoma"
5.
What causes chronic inflammation of the liver?
"HBV, HCV, aflatoxins, alcohol, diet"
6.
What does chronic inflammation of the liver lead to?
"NAFLD, NASH, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma"
7.
What is ulcerative colitis?
ulceration of the large colon
8.
What is Chron's disease?
"Ulceration, transmural damage throughout gut"
9.
What is cirrhosis?
"Hepatocyte nodules surrounded by sheets (septa) of scar tissure, reducing liver function"
10.
What is fatty liver disease?
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocyes
11.
What is steatosis?
Benign fatty liver disease
12.
What is non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)?
Inflammatory steatosis 
13.
What causes inflammatory steatosis?
" Increased fatty acids > adipocytes release TNF and FAs > TNF and FAs cause hepatocytes to generate ROS. Increases FAs causes unfolded protein accumulation > ER stress, unfolded protein response"
14.
What causes fibrosis in the liver?
"Liver damage > hepatic stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts > collagen I and II synthesis, alpha smooth muscle actin release, tissue inhibitors of MMPs released"
15.
What is end stage liver disease?
Excessive injury and repair the loss of liver architecture
16.
What does end stage liver disease lead to?
"Portal hypertension, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma"
17.
18.
What does portal hypertension result in?
"Weakening of oesophageal veins, ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen), renal failure"