HomeCoursesMEDSCI 202: Microbiology and ImmunologyLecture 7 Lecture 7 0% Question 1 of 54 What are the major causes of diarrhoea? (3)= Cholera, campylobacter, clostridium difficile What are the major causes of diarrhoea? (3)= Cholera, campylobacter, clostridium difficile Question 1 of 54Question 2 of 54 What causes diarrhoea in developing countries? (2)= Cholera, campylobacter What causes diarrhoea in developing countries? (2)= Cholera, campylobacter Question 2 of 54Question 3 of 54 What causes diarrhoea in developed countries? (2)= Campylocbacter, clostridium difficile What causes diarrhoea in developed countries? (2)= Campylocbacter, clostridium difficile Question 3 of 54Question 4 of 54 What are the symptoms of cholera? (4)= Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, moderation dehydration, no urination What are the symptoms of cholera? (4)= Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, moderation dehydration, no urination Question 4 of 54Question 5 of 54 What symptoms demonstrate severe dehydration? (3)= Low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing What symptoms demonstrate severe dehydration? (3)= Low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing Question 5 of 54Question 6 of 54 What is the second leading infectious cause of death in the developing world? =Diarrhoeal disease What is the second leading infectious cause of death in the developing world? =Diarrhoeal disease Question 6 of 54Question 7 of 54 What is the leading infectious cause of death in the developing world?= Pneumonia and respiratory infections What is the leading infectious cause of death in the developing world?= Pneumonia and respiratory infections Question 7 of 54Question 8 of 54 How many children die of diarrhoeal disease each year?= 1.5M How many children die of diarrhoeal disease each year?= 1.5M Question 8 of 54Question 9 of 54 How many cases of diarrhoeal disease each year? =2B How many cases of diarrhoeal disease each year? =2B Question 9 of 54Question 10 of 54 How many Cholera infections each year?= 5M How many Cholera infections each year?= 5M Question 10 of 54Question 11 of 54 How many child deaths due to Cholera each year? =120,000 How many child deaths due to Cholera each year? =120,000 Question 11 of 54Question 12 of 54 What are the symptoms of acute gastro illness? (4)= Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever What are the symptoms of acute gastro illness? (4)= Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever Question 12 of 54Question 13 of 54 Where is the reservoir for bacteria? =Shellfish Where is the reservoir for bacteria? =Shellfish Question 13 of 54Question 14 of 54 Where is the reservoir for cholera? =Contaminated water supplies Where is the reservoir for cholera? =Contaminated water supplies Question 14 of 54Question 15 of 54 What are the transmission methods of bacteria like cholera? (3) =Water to person, person to sanitation, sanitation to water What are the transmission methods of bacteria like cholera? (3) =Water to person, person to sanitation, sanitation to water Question 15 of 54Question 16 of 54 What is the process of cholera infection? (6)= Consume vibrio cholera in water, survive stomach, colonise intestine, produce AB5 toxin, Stimulates chloride secretion, secretory diarrhoea. What is the process of cholera infection? (6)= Consume vibrio cholera in water, survive stomach, colonise intestine, produce AB5 toxin, Stimulates chloride secretion, secretory diarrhoea. Question 16 of 54Question 17 of 54 What causes dehydration in the case of cholera? (2)= Vomiting, diarrhoea What causes dehydration in the case of cholera? (2)= Vomiting, diarrhoea Question 17 of 54Question 18 of 54 What are the primary and secondary treatment aims for cholera? (2)= Oral rehydration therapy, prevent further spread (hygiene, sanitation) What are the primary and secondary treatment aims for cholera? (2)= Oral rehydration therapy, prevent further spread (hygiene, sanitation) Question 18 of 54Question 19 of 54 What treatment does severe dehydration and shock require?= IV fluids What treatment does severe dehydration and shock require?= IV fluids Question 19 of 54Question 20 of 54 What treatment does moderate dehydration and shock require? =Oral rehydration salts What treatment does moderate dehydration and shock require? =Oral rehydration salts Question 20 of 54Question 21 of 54 What antibiotic is used in cholera?= Doxycycline What antibiotic is used in cholera?= Doxycycline Question 21 of 54Question 22 of 54 When are antibiotics used for cholera? (2)= Severe cases, moderate cases during epidemics When are antibiotics used for cholera? (2)= Severe cases, moderate cases during epidemics Question 22 of 54Question 23 of 54 What do antibiotics reduce in cholera? (2)= Reduces duration, shedding in the faeces What do antibiotics reduce in cholera? (2)= Reduces duration, shedding in the faeces Question 23 of 54Question 24 of 54 What is the #1 cause of diarrhoea in NZ= Campylobacter What is the #1 cause of diarrhoea in NZ= Campylobacter Question 24 of 54Question 25 of 54 What type of diarrhoea are anti diarrhoeal drugs NOT recommended for? =Dysentery (blood in stool) What type of diarrhoea are anti diarrhoeal drugs NOT recommended for? =Dysentery (blood in stool) Question 25 of 54Question 26 of 54 Why are anti diarrhoeal drugs not recommended for campylobacter infections? (3)= Stop ‘flow’, concentrates toxins/pathogens, increases contact time intestinal mucosa Why are anti diarrhoeal drugs not recommended for campylobacter infections? (3)= Stop ‘flow’, concentrates toxins/pathogens, increases contact time intestinal mucosa Question 26 of 54Question 27 of 54 What is the usual treatment for food poisoning? (2)= Fluid and electrolyte replacement (ORS), pain relief What is the usual treatment for food poisoning? (2)= Fluid and electrolyte replacement (ORS), pain relief Question 27 of 54Question 28 of 54 When are antibiotics recommended for campylobacteriosis? (3)= Severe or prolonged infection, or there is risk of bacteremia (spread to blood) When are antibiotics recommended for campylobacteriosis? (3)= Severe or prolonged infection, or there is risk of bacteremia (spread to blood) Question 28 of 54Question 29 of 54 Which antibiotics are effective against campylobacters? (2)= Azithromycin, erythromycin Which antibiotics are effective against campylobacters? (2)= Azithromycin, erythromycin Question 29 of 54Question 30 of 54 What is some food hygeine advice to prevent food poisoning? (4)= Cook food thoroughly, reheat thoroughly, clean untensils/separate boards, store correctly What is some food hygeine advice to prevent food poisoning? (4)= Cook food thoroughly, reheat thoroughly, clean untensils/separate boards, store correctly Question 30 of 54Question 31 of 54 What is the source and transmission for campylobacter? =Chicken gut flora What is the source and transmission for campylobacter? =Chicken gut flora Question 31 of 54Question 32 of 54 What are the symptoms of food poisoning? (4)= Diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, sometimes bacteraemia What are the symptoms of food poisoning? (4)= Diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, sometimes bacteraemia Question 32 of 54Question 33 of 54 What toxins does Campylobacter jejuni produce? (2)= Cholera like toxin (CLT) (increased water secretion), Cytolethal distending toxin (CDR) (cell death) What toxins does Campylobacter jejuni produce? (2)= Cholera like toxin (CLT) (increased water secretion), Cytolethal distending toxin (CDR) (cell death) Question 33 of 54Question 34 of 54 What are the virulence factors of C. jejune? (5)= Flagella, OM adhesions, lipopolysaccharide (immune evasion), pili, toxins What are the virulence factors of C. jejune? (5)= Flagella, OM adhesions, lipopolysaccharide (immune evasion), pili, toxins Question 34 of 54Question 35 of 54 What are the rare complications (sequellae) with campylobacters? (3)= Cross reacting antibodies, Gillian-barre syndrome (immune response damages nerves creating muscle weakness and tingling), reactive arthritis What are the rare complications (sequellae) with campylobacters? (3)= Cross reacting antibodies, Gillian-barre syndrome (immune response damages nerves creating muscle weakness and tingling), reactive arthritis Question 35 of 54Question 36 of 54 What is food hygiene advice for C. jejuni? (3)= Clean, cook, store properly What is food hygiene advice for C. jejuni? (3)= Clean, cook, store properly Question 36 of 54Question 37 of 54 What are the symptoms of clostridium difficile? (3)= Explosive, watery, bloodless diarrhoea What are the symptoms of clostridium difficile? (3)= Explosive, watery, bloodless diarrhoea Question 37 of 54Question 38 of 54 Who are most at risk of infection with C. difficile?= Hospital patients receiving broad spectrum antibiotics, patients hospitalised for long periods Who are most at risk of infection with C. difficile?= Hospital patients receiving broad spectrum antibiotics, patients hospitalised for long periods Question 38 of 54Question 39 of 54 How do antibiotics promote colonisation of C. difficile?= Reduce numbers of competitive bacteria How do antibiotics promote colonisation of C. difficile?= Reduce numbers of competitive bacteria Question 39 of 54Question 40 of 54 Why do antibiotics not destroy the C. difficilie?= Endospores not killed by antibiotics Why do antibiotics not destroy the C. difficilie?= Endospores not killed by antibiotics Question 40 of 54Question 41 of 54 What species of bacillus produce endospores? (2)= Bacillus, clostridium What species of bacillus produce endospores? (2)= Bacillus, clostridium Question 41 of 54Question 42 of 54 How are endospores killed? (2)= Heat >120 `C, sporicidal chemicals How are endospores killed? (2)= Heat >120 `C, sporicidal chemicals Question 42 of 54Question 43 of 54 What are ineffective methods of endospore control? (2)= Pasteruisation (not hot enough), antibiotics (dormant structures), Oxygen What are ineffective methods of endospore control? (2)= Pasteruisation (not hot enough), antibiotics (dormant structures), Oxygen Question 43 of 54Question 44 of 54 What are the virilence factors of C. clostridium?= Toxin A, toxin B What are the virilence factors of C. clostridium?= Toxin A, toxin B Question 44 of 54Question 45 of 54 What is the mechanism of C. difficile disease? (5)= Attachment, endocytosis, acidification/release into cytoplasm, permanent G-protein activation - collapse of cytoskeleton/vili => loss of barrier (tight junction) integrity, less H2O absorption (diarrhoea) What is the mechanism of C. difficile disease? (5)= Attachment, endocytosis, acidification/release into cytoplasm, permanent G-protein activation - collapse of cytoskeleton/vili => loss of barrier (tight junction) integrity, less H2O absorption (diarrhoea) Question 45 of 54Question 46 of 54 How does the loss of epthelial integrity affect the cells of the colon?= Bacteria/toxins enter submucosa or possibly bloodstream How does the loss of epthelial integrity affect the cells of the colon?= Bacteria/toxins enter submucosa or possibly bloodstream Question 46 of 54Question 47 of 54 What happens when toxins from C. difficile enter submucosa? (2)= Death of epithelium, inflammation of submucosa What happens when toxins from C. difficile enter submucosa? (2)= Death of epithelium, inflammation of submucosa Question 47 of 54Question 48 of 54 What is the condition that can lead to sepsis from C. difficile?= Toxic megacolon What is the condition that can lead to sepsis from C. difficile?= Toxic megacolon Question 48 of 54Question 49 of 54 How is C. difficile diagnosed? (2) =Stool => PCR assays for toxins, GDH antigens How is C. difficile diagnosed? (2) =Stool => PCR assays for toxins, GDH antigens Question 49 of 54Question 50 of 54 What is a treatment plan for C. difficile? (4)= Discontinue implicated antibiotics, treat with antibiotics, support fluid loss, pain relief What is a treatment plan for C. difficile? (4)= Discontinue implicated antibiotics, treat with antibiotics, support fluid loss, pain relief Question 50 of 54Question 51 of 54 Which antibiotics would be prescribed for C. difficile? (2) =Metronidazole, vancomycin (2nd option) Which antibiotics would be prescribed for C. difficile? (2) =Metronidazole, vancomycin (2nd option) Question 51 of 54Question 52 of 54 What is another important treatment for Clostridium? =Restoration of microflora/probiotics What is another important treatment for Clostridium? =Restoration of microflora/probiotics Question 52 of 54Question 53 of 54 What should hospitals include in their hygiene practices concerning C. difficile? (4)= Sporicidal disinfectants, thorough cleaning where infected patients have been, self hygiene, limit use of predisposing antibiotics What should hospitals include in their hygiene practices concerning C. difficile? (4)= Sporicidal disinfectants, thorough cleaning where infected patients have been, self hygiene, limit use of predisposing antibiotics Question 53 of 54Question 54 of 54 What is the relapse rate for Clostridium difficile?= 20% What is the relapse rate for Clostridium difficile?= 20% Question 54 of 54 Loading...
