HomeCoursesMEDSCI 202: Microbiology and ImmunologyLecture 2 Lecture 2 0% Question 1 of 52 How many cells in the human body?= 10 trillion How many cells in the human body?= 10 trillion Question 1 of 52Question 2 of 52 How many microbes comprise the human indigenous microflora? =100 trillion How many microbes comprise the human indigenous microflora? =100 trillion Question 2 of 52Question 3 of 52 How many species of microbes are in our microflora?= 500-1000 How many species of microbes are in our microflora?= 500-1000 Question 3 of 52Question 4 of 52 How many indigenous microflora does a fetus have?= 0 How many indigenous microflora does a fetus have?= 0 Question 4 of 52Question 5 of 52 How many bacteria colonise our skin?= 1 trillion How many bacteria colonise our skin?= 1 trillion Question 5 of 52Question 6 of 52 What are the most common types of bacteria that colonise on our skin?= (3) "Staphylococcus spp, streptococcus spp, corynebacterium spp" What are the most common types of bacteria that colonise on our skin?= (3) "Staphylococcus spp, streptococcus spp, corynebacterium spp" Question 6 of 52Question 7 of 52 Which microorganisms affect our teeth?= "Streptococcus sanguis, streptococcus mutans" Which microorganisms affect our teeth?= "Streptococcus sanguis, streptococcus mutans" Question 7 of 52Question 8 of 52 What are the functions of bacteria in our gut?= (3) "Break down carbohydrates, produce nutrients (vitamin K, B12), crown out harmful bacteria" What are the functions of bacteria in our gut?= (3) "Break down carbohydrates, produce nutrients (vitamin K, B12), crown out harmful bacteria" Question 8 of 52Question 9 of 52 Which are the beneficial vaginal bacteria?= Lactobacillus Which are the beneficial vaginal bacteria?= Lactobacillus Question 9 of 52Question 10 of 52 What do lactobacilli do?= Secrete lactic acid to control pathogenic microorganisms such as candida albicans What do lactobacilli do?= Secrete lactic acid to control pathogenic microorganisms such as candida albicans Question 10 of 52Question 11 of 52 What are some viruses that cause persistant viral infections? =(3) "Human papilloma virus, herpes, chickenpox" What are some viruses that cause persistant viral infections? =(3) "Human papilloma virus, herpes, chickenpox" Question 11 of 52Question 12 of 52 What is symbiosis?= Where organisms live together in close association What is symbiosis?= Where organisms live together in close association Question 12 of 52Question 13 of 52 What is mutualism?= An association that is beneficial to both symbionts What is mutualism?= An association that is beneficial to both symbionts Question 13 of 52Question 14 of 52 What is neutralism? = An association that does not affect either symbiont What is neutralism? = An association that does not affect either symbiont Question 14 of 52Question 15 of 52 What is parasitism?= "An association that is harmful to one symbiont (host), while benefitting the other (parasite)" What is parasitism?= "An association that is harmful to one symbiont (host), while benefitting the other (parasite)" Question 15 of 52Question 16 of 52 What is commensalism?= An association that is beneficial to ony one symbiont What is commensalism?= An association that is beneficial to ony one symbiont Question 16 of 52Question 17 of 52 What is synergism?= Where two or more microbes work together to cause disease (polymicrobial infection) What is synergism?= Where two or more microbes work together to cause disease (polymicrobial infection) Question 17 of 52Question 18 of 52 What is a pathogen?= A microorganism that causes disease What is a pathogen?= A microorganism that causes disease Question 18 of 52Question 19 of 52 What is an opportunistic pathogen?= A microorganism that has the potential to cause disease What is an opportunistic pathogen?= A microorganism that has the potential to cause disease Question 19 of 52Question 20 of 52 What are the portals of entry for microbial infection in humans?= (7) "Ingestion, inhalation, trauma, needle stick, arthropod bite, sexual transmission" What are the portals of entry for microbial infection in humans?= (7) "Ingestion, inhalation, trauma, needle stick, arthropod bite, sexual transmission" Question 20 of 52Question 21 of 52 What are the portals of exit for microbial shedding? =(5) "Alimentary, genitourinary, respiratory, skin, placental" What are the portals of exit for microbial shedding? =(5) "Alimentary, genitourinary, respiratory, skin, placental" Question 21 of 52Question 22 of 52 Which microorganisms are common infections associated with ingestion?= (3) "Salmonella, E coli, Campylobacter" Which microorganisms are common infections associated with ingestion?= (3) "Salmonella, E coli, Campylobacter" Question 22 of 52Question 23 of 52 Which microorganisms are common infections associated with inhalation? =(2) "Streptococcus, M. pneumoniae" Which microorganisms are common infections associated with inhalation? =(2) "Streptococcus, M. pneumoniae" Question 23 of 52Question 24 of 52 Which microorganisms are common infections associated with trauma?= Clostridium tetani Which microorganisms are common infections associated with trauma?= Clostridium tetani Question 24 of 52Question 25 of 52 Which microorganisms are common infections associated with needle stick?= Staphylococcus aureus Which microorganisms are common infections associated with needle stick?= Staphylococcus aureus Question 25 of 52Question 26 of 52 Which microorganisms are common infections associated with anthropod bites?= Yersinia pestis (plague) Which microorganisms are common infections associated with anthropod bites?= Yersinia pestis (plague) Question 26 of 52Question 27 of 52 Which microorganisms are common infections associated with sexual transmission? =(2) "Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Chlamydia trachomatis " Which microorganisms are common infections associated with sexual transmission? =(2) "Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Chlamydia trachomatis " Question 27 of 52Question 28 of 52 "What diseases were in early history, evidenced by archaeology? =(10)" "TB, syphilis, parasites, bubonic plague, smallpox, rabies, anthrax, measles, diphtheria, typhoid fever" "What diseases were in early history, evidenced by archaeology? =(10)" "TB, syphilis, parasites, bubonic plague, smallpox, rabies, anthrax, measles, diphtheria, typhoid fever" Question 28 of 52Question 29 of 52 What are Koch’s postulates used to confirm germ theory? =(4) "1. Particular microorganism must be found in similarily diseased animals, but not in healthy ones 2. The microorganism must be isolated from diseased animal and cultured 3. The isolated microorganism must cause the original disease when innoculated in a susceptible host 4. The microorganism must be preisolated from the experimentally infected animal" What are Koch’s postulates used to confirm germ theory? =(4) "1. Particular microorganism must be found in similarily diseased animals, but not in healthy ones 2. The microorganism must be isolated from diseased animal and cultured 3. The isolated microorganism must cause the original disease when innoculated in a susceptible host 4. The microorganism must be preisolated from the experimentally infected animal" Question 29 of 52Question 30 of 52 Which postulates had to be revised?= (3) "1 (unreliable b/c asymptomatic infection, 2 (unreliable b/c some organisms cannot be cultured), 3 (unreliable b/c asymptomatic infection)" Which postulates had to be revised?= (3) "1 (unreliable b/c asymptomatic infection, 2 (unreliable b/c some organisms cannot be cultured), 3 (unreliable b/c asymptomatic infection)" Question 30 of 52Question 31 of 52 Why do some organisms cause disease in some but not others?= (2) "Health status in host (immune system strength, elimination efficiency, immunity), anatomical variation (receptors needed for colonisation not present) " Why do some organisms cause disease in some but not others?= (2) "Health status in host (immune system strength, elimination efficiency, immunity), anatomical variation (receptors needed for colonisation not present) " Question 31 of 52Question 32 of 52 What are the periods of the course of disease?= (4) "Incubation period, prodromal period, illness, convalescent period" What are the periods of the course of disease?= (4) "Incubation period, prodromal period, illness, convalescent period" Question 32 of 52Question 33 of 52 What are the steps of the pathogenesis of infection? =(6) "Entry, attachment, multiplication, spread, immune evasion, damage (symptoms, disability, death)" What are the steps of the pathogenesis of infection? =(6) "Entry, attachment, multiplication, spread, immune evasion, damage (symptoms, disability, death)" Question 33 of 52Question 34 of 52 What are the types of human carriers of disease? =(4) "Passive carrier, incubatory carrier, convalescent carrier, active carrier" What are the types of human carriers of disease? =(4) "Passive carrier, incubatory carrier, convalescent carrier, active carrier" Question 34 of 52Question 35 of 52 What is a localised infection?= Where pathogens are contatined at the site of infection What is a localised infection?= Where pathogens are contatined at the site of infection Question 35 of 52Question 36 of 52 What is a systemic infection?= Where a pathogen spreads throught the body What is a systemic infection?= Where a pathogen spreads throught the body Question 36 of 52Question 37 of 52 What is an acute infection?= Rapid onset and rapid recovery What is an acute infection?= Rapid onset and rapid recovery Question 37 of 52Question 38 of 52 What is a latent infection?= "Where pathogen is not completely eradicated after recovery and can cause symptoms in the future (herpes, chickenpox)" What is a latent infection?= "Where pathogen is not completely eradicated after recovery and can cause symptoms in the future (herpes, chickenpox)" Question 38 of 52Question 39 of 52 What is a secondary infection?= A disease thaat follows a primary infection due to weakened immune system (pnemonia after mild respiratory infection) What is a secondary infection?= A disease thaat follows a primary infection due to weakened immune system (pnemonia after mild respiratory infection) Question 39 of 52Question 40 of 52 What is the difference between an infectious disease and a microbial intoxication? "An infection is where a pathogen invades, colonises and produces disease. Microbial intoxication is where a pathogen produces a toxin which, when ingested, causes the disease." What is the difference between an infectious disease and a microbial intoxication? "An infection is where a pathogen invades, colonises and produces disease. Microbial intoxication is where a pathogen produces a toxin which, when ingested, causes the disease." Question 40 of 52Question 41 of 52 What is the difference between good and bad bacteria?= Virulence factors What is the difference between good and bad bacteria?= Virulence factors Question 41 of 52Question 42 of 52 What are cytolysins?= Virulence factors that damage host cells or tissue What are cytolysins?= Virulence factors that damage host cells or tissue Question 42 of 52Question 43 of 52 What do spreading factors do?= Help bacteria to spread from local infection What do spreading factors do?= Help bacteria to spread from local infection Question 43 of 52Question 44 of 52 What are invasins?= Virence factors that help a bacterium enter a host cell What are invasins?= Virence factors that help a bacterium enter a host cell Question 44 of 52Question 45 of 52 What are adhesions?= Virence factors that promote a microbes attachment to a host’s cells What are adhesions?= Virence factors that promote a microbes attachment to a host’s cells Question 45 of 52Question 46 of 52 What do immunopathogenic factors do?= Over stimulate the immune response What do immunopathogenic factors do?= Over stimulate the immune response Question 46 of 52Question 47 of 52 What do immune evasion factors do?= Mediate immune evasion (escape from host’s defines systems) What do immune evasion factors do?= Mediate immune evasion (escape from host’s defines systems) Question 47 of 52Question 48 of 52 Where can adhesins be situated on a bacterium? (2) "On the cell membrane, on pili" Where can adhesins be situated on a bacterium? (2) "On the cell membrane, on pili" Question 48 of 52Question 49 of 52 What are the problems to the host associated with biofilms?= (2) Pathogens are protected by it from the host immune system and medications What are the problems to the host associated with biofilms?= (2) Pathogens are protected by it from the host immune system and medications Question 49 of 52Question 50 of 52 How do invasins benefit bacteria? =(3) "Intracellular growth, resistance to antibiotics, protection from immune system" How do invasins benefit bacteria? =(3) "Intracellular growth, resistance to antibiotics, protection from immune system" Question 50 of 52Question 51 of 52 How do cytolysins benefit bacteria? ="Destroy host cells which results in access to nutrients, immune evasion, bacterial spreading" How do cytolysins benefit bacteria? ="Destroy host cells which results in access to nutrients, immune evasion, bacterial spreading" Question 51 of 52Question 52 of 52 What are examples of bacterial immune evasion factors? =(7) "Capsules prevent opsonisation and phagocytosis, destruction of phagocytes (cytolysins), inhibition of factors that facilitate phagocytic chemotaxis, inhibition of phagocytosis, interference with complement factors, destruction of immunoglobulins, intracellular replication." What are examples of bacterial immune evasion factors? =(7) "Capsules prevent opsonisation and phagocytosis, destruction of phagocytes (cytolysins), inhibition of factors that facilitate phagocytic chemotaxis, inhibition of phagocytosis, interference with complement factors, destruction of immunoglobulins, intracellular replication."Question 52 of 52 Loading...
