HomeCoursesMEDSCI 202: Microbiology and ImmunologyLecture 14 Lecture 14 1. What are the effects of exotoxins? (5) Diarrhoea, cell death, programmed cell death, cytokine release, paralysis/tetaniWhat are the effects of exotoxins? (5)== Diarrhoea, cell death, programmed cell death, cytokine release, paralysis/tetani 2. What mechanism induces diarrhoea? Electrolyte secretionWhat mechanism induces diarrhoea?== Electrolyte secretion 3. What mechanism induces death of cells? NecrosisWhat mechanism induces death of cells?== Necrosis 4. What mechanism induces programmed cell death? ApoptosisWhat mechanism induces programmed cell death?== Apoptosis 5. What mechanism induces cytokine release? SuperantigensWhat mechanism induces cytokine release?== Superantigens 6. What mechanism induces paralysis/tetani? Nerve synapse inhibitionWhat mechanism induces paralysis/tetani?== Nerve synapse inhibition 7. What is a microbe that causes electrolyte secretion? Vibrio CholeraWhat is a microbe that causes electrolyte secretion?== Vibrio Cholera 8. What is a microbe that causes necrosis? S. aureusWhat is a microbe that causes necrosis?== S. aureus 9. What is a microbe that causes apoptosis? E. coliWhat is a microbe that causes apoptosis?== E. coli 10. What is a condition that causes cytokine release through superantigens? Toxic shockWhat is a condition that causes cytokine release through superantigens?== Toxic shock 11. What is a microbe that causes paralysis/tetani? Clostridium spp.What is a microbe that causes paralysis/tetani?== Clostridium spp. 12. What endotoxin causes an inflammatory cascade? Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram negative bacteria (TLR4 antagonist)What endotoxin causes an inflammatory cascade?== Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram negative bacteria (TLR4 antagonist) 13. What other mechanism can cause an inflammatory cascade? Cell wall fragments eg. lipotechoic acid from gram positive bacteria (TLR2 agonist)What other mechanism can cause an inflammatory cascade?== Cell wall fragments eg. lipotechoic acid from gram positive bacteria (TLR2 agonist) 14. Which class of bacteria release LPS? Gram negativeWhich class of bacteria release LPS?== Gram negative 15. Which class of bacteria release lipotechoic acid? Gram positiveWhich class of bacteria release lipotechoic acid? == Gram positive 16. What causes tissue digestion? Hydroliytic enzymes eg. hyaloronidase from S. aureusWhat causes tissue digestion?== Hydroliytic enzymes eg. hyaloronidase from S. aureus 17. What is the result of microbe multiplication within host cells? Tissue damageWhat is the result of microbe multiplication within host cells? == Tissue damage 18. Which microbe affects digestive enzymes? Giardia lambliaWhich microbe affects digestive enzymes? == Giardia lamblia 19. Which microbe inhibits secretion of stomach acid? Helicobacter pyloriWhich microbe inhibits secretion of stomach acid?== Helicobacter pylori 20. What is the mechanism and effect of a S. pyogenes infection? Cross reactive autoantibodies (rheumatic fever), immune damage to host tissueWhat is the mechanism and effect of a S. pyogenes infection?== Cross reactive autoantibodies (rheumatic fever), immune damage to host tissue 21. What is the mechanism and end effect of a viral oncogene infection? DNA mutation, uncontrolled cell growth (tumour)What is the mechanism and end effect of a viral oncogene infection?== DNA mutation, uncontrolled cell growth (tumour) 22. What microbe can directly cause blocking of blood/lymph vessels? Hydatid cysts, tape wormsWhat microbe can directly cause blocking of blood/lymph vessels?== Hydatid cysts, tape worms 23. What is a furuncle? Infected hair follicleWhat is a furuncle?== Infected hair follicle 24. Which bacteria causes hair follicles to become infected? S. aureusWhich bacteria causes hair follicles to become infected?== S. aureus 25. What is suppuration? Pus formationWhat is suppuration?== Pus formation 26. What is an abcess? Lesion with fibroblast boundary, necrotic tissue, pusWhat is an abcess?== Lesion with fibroblast boundary, necrotic tissue, pus 27. What is an ulcer? Breaking down of epithelial membrane barrierWhat is an ulcer?== Breaking down of epithelial membrane barrier 28. What is pyrexia? Fever. Caused by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 released by monocytes)What is pyrexia?== Fever. Caused by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 released by monocytes) 29. What is leukocytosis? Increased neutrophil and monocyte production from bone marrowWhat is leukocytosis?== Increased neutrophil and monocyte production from bone marrow 30. What are accute phase proteins? Fibrinogen, complement. Limit tissue dammageWhat are accute phase proteins?== Fibrinogen, complement. Limit tissue dammage 31. What endocrine changes occur with systemic inflammation? Glucocorticoid steroid/stress hormone productionWhat endocrine changes occur with systemic inflammation?== Glucocorticoid steroid/stress hormone production 32. What happens to the vascular system during acute inflammation? Dilation of capillariesWhat happens to the vascular system during acute inflammation?== Dilation of capillaries 33. physical characteristics of vessel dilation? (3) Redness, heat, swellingphysical characteristics of vessel dilation? (3)== Redness, heat, swelling 34. What causes redness? Increased presence of bloodWhat causes redness?== Increased presence of blood 35. What other cells occupy capillary beds during inflammatory dilation? RBCs, lymphocytesWhat other cells occupy capillary beds during inflammatory dilation?== RBCs, lymphocytes 36. What are the APCs of the immune system? (4) Dendritic cells, macrophages, langerhan cells, B cellsWhat are the APCs of the immune system? (4)== Dendritic cells, macrophages, langerhan cells, B cells 37. What do lymphatic vessels do? (2) Transport fluid containing lymphocytes to lymph nodes, delivery of immune cells to tissue/blood streamWhat do lymphatic vessels do? (2)== Transport fluid containing lymphocytes to lymph nodes, delivery of immune cells to tissue/blood stream 38. What are the major primary lymphoid organs? (2) Thymus, bone marrowWhat are the major primary lymphoid organs? (2) == Thymus, bone marrow 39. What are the secodary lymphoid organs? 6) Adenoids, tonsils, spleen, Peyer’s patches, appendix, lymph nodesWhat are the secodary lymphoid organs? 6)== Adenoids, tonsils, spleen, Peyer’s patches, appendix, lymph nodes Loading...