Lecture 14

1.
What are the effects of exotoxins? (5)
Diarrhoea, cell death, programmed cell death, cytokine release, paralysis/tetani
2.
What mechanism induces diarrhoea?
Electrolyte secretion
3.
What mechanism induces death of cells?
Necrosis
4.
What mechanism induces programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
5.
What mechanism induces cytokine release?
Superantigens
6.
What mechanism induces paralysis/tetani?
Nerve synapse inhibition
7.
What is a microbe that causes electrolyte secretion?
Vibrio Cholera
8.
What is a microbe that causes necrosis?
S. aureus
9.
What is a microbe that causes apoptosis?
E. coli
10.
What is a condition that causes cytokine release through superantigens?
Toxic shock
11.
What is a microbe that causes paralysis/tetani?
Clostridium spp.
12.
What endotoxin causes an inflammatory cascade?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram negative bacteria (TLR4 antagonist)
13.
What other mechanism can cause an inflammatory cascade?
Cell wall fragments eg. lipotechoic acid from gram positive bacteria (TLR2 agonist)
14.
Which class of bacteria release LPS?
Gram negative
15.
Which class of bacteria release lipotechoic acid?
Gram positive
16.
What causes tissue digestion?
Hydroliytic enzymes eg. hyaloronidase from S. aureus
17.
What is the result of microbe multiplication within host cells?
Tissue damage
18.
Which microbe affects digestive enzymes?
Giardia lamblia
19.
Which microbe inhibits secretion of stomach acid?
Helicobacter pylori
20.
What is the mechanism and effect of a S. pyogenes infection?
Cross reactive autoantibodies (rheumatic fever), immune damage to host tissue
21.
What is the mechanism and end effect of a viral oncogene infection?
DNA mutation, uncontrolled cell growth (tumour)
22.
What microbe can directly cause blocking of blood/lymph vessels?
Hydatid cysts, tape worms
23.
What is a furuncle?
Infected hair follicle
24.
Which bacteria causes hair follicles to become infected?
S. aureus
25.
What is suppuration?
Pus formation
26.
What is an abcess?
Lesion with fibroblast boundary, necrotic tissue, pus
27.
What is an ulcer?
Breaking down of epithelial membrane barrier
28.
What is pyrexia?
Fever. Caused by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 released by monocytes)
29.
What is leukocytosis?
Increased neutrophil and monocyte production from bone marrow
30.
What are accute phase proteins?
Fibrinogen, complement. Limit tissue dammage
31.
What endocrine changes occur with systemic inflammation?
Glucocorticoid steroid/stress hormone production
32.
What happens to the vascular system during acute inflammation?
Dilation of capillaries
33.
physical characteristics of vessel dilation? (3)
Redness, heat, swelling
34.
What causes redness?
Increased presence of blood
35.
What other cells occupy capillary beds during inflammatory dilation?
RBCs, lymphocytes
36.
What are the APCs of the immune system? (4)
Dendritic cells, macrophages, langerhan cells, B cells
37.
What do lymphatic vessels do? (2)
Transport fluid containing lymphocytes to lymph nodes, delivery of immune cells to tissue/blood stream
38.
What are the major primary lymphoid organs? (2)
Thymus, bone marrow
39.
What are the secodary lymphoid organs? 6)
Adenoids, tonsils, spleen, Peyer’s patches, appendix, lymph nodes