Lecture 9

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Question 1 of 33

What are the functions of the placenta? (7) = Gas exchange, nutrient exchange, heat exchange, antibody exchange, Hormonal/endocrine function, immunological, separation of maternal and fetal organisms

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Question 2 of 33

What happens day 0 of embryonic development? (2) = Fertilisation, Cleavage (division)

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Question 3 of 33

What happens day 1 of embryonic development? = 2 cell stage

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Question 4 of 33

What happens day 2 of embryonic development? = 4 cell stage

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Question 5 of 33

What happens day 3 of embryonic development? = Early morula

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Question 6 of 33

What happens day 4 of embryonic development? = Advanced morula

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Question 7 of 33

What happens day 6 of embryonic development? = Blastocyst

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Question 8 of 33

What happens on days 7-10 of embryonic development? = Implantation

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Question 9 of 33

What are the phases of implantation? = Lacunar, villous, tertiary villous

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Question 10 of 33

What happens during the lacunar phase? (3) = Primitive syncytium invades uterine decidua, gaps form in maternal tissue, trophoblast protusions exten into these gaps

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Question 11 of 33

How long does the lacunar stage extend? = Days 8-12

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Question 12 of 33

When does the villous period extend to? = Days 12-18

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Question 13 of 33

What are the gaps in the placenta called? = Lacunae

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Question 14 of 33

What are the trophoblast projections in the placenta called? = Trabeculae

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Question 15 of 33

What happens during the villous period? 2 = Cytotrophoblasts proliferate and invade trabeulae, extraembryonic mesenchyme invades primary villi 

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Question 16 of 33

What do the trabeculae become? = Primary villi

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Question 17 of 33

What do the launae become? = Intervillous space

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Question 18 of 33

When and how do the primary villi become secondary villi? = Day 14 cells of extraembryonic mesenchyme invade primary villi - become secondary

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Question 19 of 33

When and how are tertiary villi formed? = Days 18 - 20 see capillaries formed in the secondary villi - become tertiary

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Question 20 of 33

When do most pregnancies fail? (2) = 60% preclinical (before 5 weeks), 30% implantation failure

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Question 21 of 33

What are the cells of the placenta? (3) = Villous cytotrophoblast (progenitor cell), syncytiotrophoblast (fusion of villous cytotrophoblast), extravillous cytotrophoblast

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Question 22 of 33

How does the placenta form? = As a spere surrounding embryo

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Question 23 of 33

What happens to the villi? = Regress to form smooth chorion

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Question 24 of 33

Which vili do remain as placenta? = Villi basal to implantation site

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Question 25 of 33

How do anchoring villi form? (3) = Break through syncytiotrophoblast, form cytotrophoblast shell, invade decidua and spiral arteries

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Question 26 of 33

What are the parts of the decidua? = Decidua basalis, capsularis and peritalis

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Question 27 of 33

Describe what happens to the different decidua layers during gestation? (3) = Basalis stays at implantation site, capsularis grows and fuses with peritalis

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Question 28 of 33

What does the umbilical consist of? (3) = Whartons jelly, myofibroblasts, mucopolysaccharides

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Question 29 of 33

What forms the umbilical cord? (2) = Yolk sac, allantois

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Question 30 of 33

What do the umbilical arteries supply? = Deoxygenated blood to the placenta

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Question 31 of 33

What does the umbilical vein supply? = Oxygenated blood to the fetus

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Question 32 of 33

What prevents knots from tightening around the umbilical cord? = Wharton’s jelly

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Question 33 of 33

What are the phases of the human placenta? (5) = Discoid, haemochorial, invasive, decidual, villous

Question 33 of 33