Lecture 4

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Question 1 of 25

What is the composition of bone? = Water (25%), Mineral (65%), Collagen (10%)

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Question 2 of 25

What are the minerals in bone? (4) = Calcium phosphate (90%), calcium carbonate, magnesium flouride, calcium fluoride

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Question 3 of 25

What is the function of minerals in bone? = To provide compressive strength

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Question 4 of 25

What is the function of collagen in bone? = To provide tensile strength

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Question 5 of 25

What is the functional unit of compact bone? = Osteon

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Question 6 of 25

What is the max width of an osteon? = 200 micrometres

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Question 7 of 25

Why is 200 microns the max width? = Inability of nutrients to diffuse through bone

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Question 8 of 25

What are the layers of lamellae? (3) = Concentric, interstitial, circumferential

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Question 9 of 25

What is the name for the ECM of bone? = Hydroxyapatite

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Question 10 of 25

What is the strength of bone dependent on? (3) = Quality and quantity of collagen (mainly type I), mineral content, overall density

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Question 11 of 25

What is ward’s triangle? = A radiolucent area in the femoral head with low density of trabeculae

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Question 12 of 25

Where is the primary compressive force? = On the superior/medial surface of the compressive head

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Question 13 of 25

Where is the primary tensile force? = On the medial surface of the femoral head

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Question 14 of 25

Where is the secondary compressive force? = On the superior/lateral surface of the greater trochanter

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Question 15 of 25

Where is the secondary tensile force enacted upon the femur? = On the lesser trochanter

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Question 16 of 25

Why does bone remodel? = It does so in response to environmental stimuli

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Question 17 of 25

What happens to the bones of an astronaut in zero gravity for extended periods of time? = Loss of bone mass/density

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Question 18 of 25

What is osteopenia? = Lower than normal osteopenia

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Question 19 of 25

What is osteoporosis? = Very low bone density

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Question 20 of 25

What is the mechanism behind loss of bone density? = Increased osteoclast activity, reduced osteoblast activity results in reduced bone mineral density (BMD)

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Question 21 of 25

How many women are affected by osteoporosis? = More than half over 60

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Question 22 of 25

How many men are affected by osteoporosis? = One third over 60

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Question 23 of 25

What are risk factors for osteoporosis that can’t be changed? (5) = Age, gender, post menopause, family history, body type (ectomorph)

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Question 24 of 25

What are risk factors for osteoporosis that can be managed? = Smoking, alcohol, caffeine, poor diet (calcium/vit D), inactivity

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Question 25 of 25

What are the pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis? (3) = Hormone replacement therapy, bisphosphonates, non-bisphosphonates

Question 25 of 25