Lecture 35

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What are the types of hormones?= "Amino acid derived, peptide hormones, steroid hormones"

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Which amino acids give rise to hormones?= Tyrosine

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What are amino acid derived hormones? ="Catecholamines, thyroid hormones"

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What are the catecholamines? ="Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine"

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Where are norepinephrine and epinephrine produced?= Adrenal medulla

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Question 6 of 36

What amino acid gives rise to thyroid hormones? =Tryptophan

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Question 7 of 36

What is seratonin derived from? =Tryptophan

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Question 8 of 36

What is the difference between peptides and proteins?= Peptides have less than 100 amino acids

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Question 9 of 36

How are steroid hormones produced? =From cholesterol

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Question 10 of 36

What are steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex? ="Aldosterone, cortisol"

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Question 11 of 36

What are steroid hormones from the ovary? =Estradiol

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What are hormonal target organs?= Organs with cells containing hormone receptors

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What is endocrine signalling?= Endocrine cell > circulation > cell receptor

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What are the types of hormone receptors?= "Cell surface receptors, intracellular receptors"

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Question 15 of 36

Which hormones signal cell surface receptors?= Lipophobic

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Question 16 of 36

Which hormones signal intracellular receptors?= Lipophilic (steroids)

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Question 17 of 36

What are examples of common cell surface hormone receptors?= "Cytokine receptors, insulin tyrosine kinase receptors, growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors, TGFbeta serine receptors, GPCRs"

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Question 18 of 36

What are examples of hormones that bind cytokine receptors?= "Growth hormone, prolactin, leptin"

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Question 19 of 36

What are examples of receptors that bind receptor tyrosine kinases?= "Insulin, somatomedins"

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What are the domains of cell surface receptors?= "Extra cellular, transmembrane, cytoplasmic"

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What is the process of GPCR signalling? = Ligand > GPCR > GDP to GTP > Adenylyl cyclase > cAMP > PKA cascade > Transcription of DNA > cell expression

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How do steroid hormones stimulate transcription?= Diffuse through membrane or bind cell surface receptors

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Question 23 of 36

How do steroid hormones stimulate transcription?= Diffuse through membrane or bind cell surface receptors

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How do endocrine disorders arise?= "Abnormalities in endocrine gland, abnomalities in regulatory (feedback) mechanisms, abnormalities in target tissue"

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Question 25 of 36

What happens with too much growth hormone pre-puberty?= Gigantism

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Question 26 of 36

How can hypoproduction of growth hormone be treated?= Injection of Growth Hormone

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Question 27 of 36

What is acromegaly?= Too much growth hormone released after puberty

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Question 28 of 36

What results from hypothyroidsm?= "Cretinism > inadequate skeletal and nervous system development in infants, in adults: myxedema > low body temperature, weakness, slowed reflexes, hair loss, or goiter > enlargement of thyroid gland due to inability to synthesise thryoid hormones (increased thyroidglobulin) because of iodide deficiency"

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Question 29 of 36

What is thryrotoxicosis?= "Hyperthyroidism > increased metabolic rate, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate"

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What is Grave's disease?= Antibodies attack thyroid gland (TSH epitope)

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What is hypoaldosterone?= Zona glomerulosa fails to produce aldosterone > loss of water and sodium > decreased blood pressure

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Question 32 of 36

What is hyperaldosteronism?= "Excessive aldosterone > increased H2O, increased sodium, increased blood pressure"

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Question 33 of 36

What is addison's disease?= Deficiency in cortisol due to inadequate stimulation by ACTH due to pituitary or zona fasciculata abnormality. Results in pigmentation of the skin due to no negative feedback of ACTH

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Question 34 of 36

What is Cushing's disease?= "Overproduction of glucocorticoids > increased adipose tissue in cheeks and neck, rosy cheeks"

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Question 35 of 36

What is diabetes insipidus?= Pituitary fails to produce ADH

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Question 36 of 36

What is diabetes Mellitus?= "T1 => inadeuate pancreatic insulin, T2 > insulin resistance"

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