Lecture 33

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Question 1 of 17

What are medullary rays?= Extensions of medulla into cortex

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Question 2 of 17

What are renal columns?= Extensions of cortex into medulla

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What is the portion of the renal lobule that feeds into the receptacle of the ureta?= Minor calyx

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Question 4 of 17

What do medullary rays indicate? =Center of lobule

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Question 5 of 17

What forms medullary rays? =Straight portions of tubules extending into cortex

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Question 6 of 17

What is featured between two lobules?= Interlobular artery

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Question 7 of 17

Where do the blood vessels and ureter meet the kidney? =Hilus

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Question 8 of 17

What artery enters the hilus? =Renal artery

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Question 9 of 17

What does the renal artery branch into? =Segmental arteries of the outer cortex, interlobar arteries, arcuate artery, interlobular arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles, peritubular cappilaries, stellate veins, interlobular vein arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein

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Question 10 of 17

What do the blood vessels of the inner cortex branch into? =Efferent arteriole, descending vasorecta, medullary capillaries, venous ascending vasa recta, arcuate veins, interlobar vein, renal vein

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Question 11 of 17

What defines the corticomedullary junction? = Arcuate artery

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Question 12 of 17

What is the epithelium in the ureter and bladder?= Transitional epithelium

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Question 13 of 17

What is transitional epithlium surrounded by?= Smooth muscle, connective tissue

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Question 14 of 17

What leak proofs the epithelium?= Tight juctions, membrane

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Question 15 of 17

What is the change of epithelial cells as it progresses along the urethra?= Transitional, stratified columnar, stratified squamous

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Question 16 of 17

What shape is a transverse section of the ureter?= Star shaped

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Question 17 of 17

What are the layers of the ureter?= Muscularis externa, lamina propria, transitional epithelium

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Question 1 of 12

What constitutes the upper respiratory tract?= Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx

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What constitutes lower respiratory tract?= Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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Question 3 of 12

What are the conducting vessels?= Nares - terminal bronchioles

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What is the respiratory zones?= Respiratory bronchioles - alveoli

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What occurs in the respiratory zone?= Gas exchange

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Question 6 of 12

What cells are in the nasal cavity?= Warming, moistening, cleaning

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Question 7 of 12

What cells are in the nasal cavity?= Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, mucous glands

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Question 8 of 12

How does the nasal cavity warm blood?= Rich blood supply under turbinate bone

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Question 9 of 12

What are the parts of the seromucosal layer?= Sol layer (serous/watery), gell layer (superior mucous layer)

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Question 10 of 12

Which is the bigger lung?= The right lung (three lobes, 10 segments)

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Describe the left lung?= 2 lobes, 8 segments

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Question 12 of 12

What happens during an asthma attack? =Bronchiorestriction, increase goblet cells

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Question 1 of 32

What is the middle of the thyroid butterfly called?= Isthmus

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Question 2 of 32

What supplies blood to the thyroid?= Inferior and superior thyroid artery

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What takes blood away from the thyroid gland?= Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

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Question 4 of 32

What does an H&E stain of a thyroid section reveal?= Thyroid follicles

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Question 5 of 32

What surrounds the thyroid gland? =Thyroid capsule

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Question 6 of 32

What lines thyroid follicles?= Cuboidal epithelial cells

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Question 7 of 32

What is the center of the follicles called?= Colloid of follicle

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Question 8 of 32

What are thyroid hormones derived from?= Thyrosine (amino acid)

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Question 9 of 32

What stimulates the production of thyroid hormones?= TSH from pituitary

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Question 10 of 32

Describe the integration of iodine with thyroid hormones?= Iodide transported into thyroid follicle cell from blood via Na/I cotransporter, incorporated into thyroidglobulin, stored in colloid, laken back up into epithelial cell, coversion of thyroglobulin into T4 and T3

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Question 11 of 32

What is T4 thyroid hormone? =Thyroxine (thyroglobulin and 4 iodine molecules)

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Question 12 of 32

What stimulates the release of TRH?= Decrease in body temperature

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Question 13 of 32

What provides negative feedback to TRH?= T3 and T4

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Question 14 of 32

What do C cells do? =Produce calcitonin

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Question 15 of 32

What is the function of calcitonin?= Decrease calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts, stimulating calcium secretion

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Question 16 of 32

Which cells of the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone?= Chief cells (principal cells)

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Question 17 of 32

How does PTH increase calcium levels?= Stimulates osteoclasts, decreases urinary calcium, stimulates calcitriol, increases calcium absorption

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Question 18 of 32

What is thyomsin?= blend of different hormones for development of lymphocytes

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Question 19 of 32

What are the regions of the adrenal gland from cortex to medulla?= Capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, adrenal medulla

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Question 20 of 32

What hormones does the zona glomerulosa produce?= Minerocorticoids

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Question 21 of 32

What is the major minerocoritcoid?= Aldosterone

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Question 22 of 32

What does aldosterone do?= Retains sodium ions and H2O, excretion of K+ ions

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Question 23 of 32

What stimulates release of aldosterone by the zona glomerulosa?= Decrease in sodium, increase in potassium, angiotensin II

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Question 24 of 32

What region contains cells that produce glutocorticoids?= Zona fasciculata

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Question 25 of 32

What stimulates the release of glucocoritcoids from the zona fasciculata?= ACTH

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Question 26 of 32

What is the most important glucocorticoid?= Cortisol (stress hormone)

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Question 27 of 32

What does the zona reticularis secrete?= Androgens

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Question 28 of 32

What are the cells of the medulla?= Pheochromocytes, chromaffin

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Question 29 of 32

What do the medullary cells produce?= Catecholamines

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Question 30 of 32

What stimulates the medullary cells to produce catecholamines? Neural stimulation from the hypothalamus

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Question 31 of 32

Which catecholamine is secreted in larger amounts? Adrenaline

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Question 32 of 32

What does adrenaline do? Stimulates energy utilisation and mobilisation of energy reserves

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