Lecture 31

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Question 1 of 17

What are medullary rays?= Extensions of medulla into cortex

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Question 2 of 17

What are renal columns?= Extensions of cortex into medulla

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What is the portion of the renal lobule that feeds into the receptacle of the ureta?= Minor calyx

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Question 4 of 17

What do medullary rays indicate? =Center of lobule

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Question 5 of 17

What forms medullary rays? =Straight portions of tubules extending into cortex

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Question 6 of 17

What is featured between two lobules?= Interlobular artery

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Question 7 of 17

Where do the blood vessels and ureter meet the kidney? =Hilus

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Question 8 of 17

What artery enters the hilus? =Renal artery

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Question 9 of 17

What does the renal artery branch into? =Segmental arteries of the outer cortex, interlobar arteries, arcuate artery, interlobular arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles, peritubular cappilaries, stellate veins, interlobular vein arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein

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Question 10 of 17

What do the blood vessels of the inner cortex branch into? =Efferent arteriole, descending vasorecta, medullary capillaries, venous ascending vasa recta, arcuate veins, interlobar vein, renal vein

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Question 11 of 17

What defines the corticomedullary junction? = Arcuate artery

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Question 12 of 17

What is the epithelium in the ureter and bladder?= Transitional epithelium

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Question 13 of 17

What is transitional epithlium surrounded by?= Smooth muscle, connective tissue

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Question 14 of 17

What leak proofs the epithelium?= Tight juctions, membrane

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Question 15 of 17

What is the change of epithelial cells as it progresses along the urethra?= Transitional, stratified columnar, stratified squamous

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Question 16 of 17

What shape is a transverse section of the ureter?= Star shaped

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What are the layers of the ureter?= Muscularis externa, lamina propria, transitional epithelium

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Question 1 of 12

What constitutes the upper respiratory tract?= Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx

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What constitutes lower respiratory tract?= Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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Question 3 of 12

What are the conducting vessels?= Nares - terminal bronchioles

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Question 4 of 12

What is the respiratory zones?= Respiratory bronchioles - alveoli

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What occurs in the respiratory zone?= Gas exchange

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Question 6 of 12

What cells are in the nasal cavity?= Warming, moistening, cleaning

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Question 7 of 12

What cells are in the nasal cavity?= Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, mucous glands

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Question 8 of 12

How does the nasal cavity warm blood?= Rich blood supply under turbinate bone

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Question 9 of 12

What are the parts of the seromucosal layer?= Sol layer (serous/watery), gell layer (superior mucous layer)

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Question 10 of 12

Which is the bigger lung?= The right lung (three lobes, 10 segments)

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Describe the left lung?= 2 lobes, 8 segments

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What happens during an asthma attack? =Bronchiorestriction, increase goblet cells

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Question 1 of 46

What are the conducting arteries? =Elastic arteries

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What is the function of the elastic arteries?= "To take bolus of blood and pressure from heart, storage of energy during systole and delivery during diastole"

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Where do most cellular changes take place in the elastic arteries? =Tunica intima

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Question 4 of 46

What makes up the intima? ="Endothelium, connective tissue, elastic fibre"

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Question 5 of 46

What are the units of tunica media of elastic arteries?= Lamellar units

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Question 6 of 46

What does a lamellar unit consist of? ="Elastin, smooth muscle, collagen"

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Question 7 of 46

How are elastin fibres arranged?= As fenustrated laminae

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Question 8 of 46

What is a weakened section in the wall of an artery?= Aneurysm

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Question 9 of 46

What causes aneurysms? ="Trauma, congenital defects, atherosclerosis"

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Question 10 of 46

What is a berry aneurysm?= Bulge at bifurcation

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Question 11 of 46

What is a dissecting aneurysm?= Blood enters the intima and then through fenustrations and spaces between elastin

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Question 12 of 46

What are the defining features of an arteriole?= "<100µm, <3 layers of smooth muscle, thickness of cell wall = size of lumen"

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Question 13 of 46

What is missing in small arterioles?= Internal elastic lamina

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Question 14 of 46

What causes primary hypertension?= No singular cause known

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Question 15 of 46

What causes secondary hypertension?= A  cause is identified

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Question 16 of 46

What percentage of hypertension is primary hypertension?= 90%

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Question 17 of 46

What is a psychological cause of hypertension?= Stress

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Question 18 of 46

What changes in arterioles that are hypertensive?= "Double IEL, increased smooth muscle, increase subendothelial layer of intima."

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Question 19 of 46

What may result from hypertension?= "Heart failure, stroke, kidney"

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Question 20 of 46

What arteriole has only one layer of smooth muscle?= Terminal arteriole

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Question 21 of 46

What arteriole has discontinuous or sporadic smooth muscle layers?= Metarterioles

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Question 22 of 46

What do metaterioles form?= Throughfare channel

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Question 23 of 46

What lies in the intersection between the throughfare channel and cappillaries?= Precapillary sphincters

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Question 24 of 46

What are the divisions of venules?= "Postcapillary, muscular"

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Question 25 of 46

How big is the internal diameter of capillaries?= 10µm

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Question 26 of 46

What are capillaries made of?= "Endothelium, basement membrane"

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Question 27 of 46

What are the classifications of capillaries?= "Continuous, fenustrated"

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Question 28 of 46

Which is the tightest capillary?= "Continuous, closed intercellular clefts"

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Question 29 of 46

"Where would you find continuous, closed capillaries?"= Blood brain barrier

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Question 30 of 46

How big are the gaps in continuous capillaries with open intercellular clefts?= 6nm

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Question 31 of 46

What can pass through continuous capillaries with open intercellular clefts?= "Water, ions, small molecules, O2, CO2"

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Question 32 of 46

What cells are found wrapped around continuous capillaries with open intercellular clefts?= Pericytes

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Question 33 of 46

What do percytes do?= Differentiate into smooth muscle and fibroblasts

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Question 34 of 46

What are the types of fenustrated capillaries? =Fenustrated with closed perforations (FCCP) and fenustrated with opern perforations (FCOP)

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What is the difference between FCCPs and FCOPs? =FCCPs have thin diaphragm that restricts water

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Question 36 of 46

Where are FCCPs commonly found?= Intestine

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Question 37 of 46

Where are FCOPs commonly found?= Endocrine glands (kidneys)

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Question 38 of 46

How big are the fenustrations in fenustrated capillaries?= 60nm

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Question 39 of 46

What is a sinusoid?= Wide bore capillaries with gaps 100 - 1000nm

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Question 40 of 46

How do ECs act toward thrombi?= "Act as antithrombotic surface, or during injury or inflammation, they promote thrombosis"

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Question 41 of 46

How do ECs contribute to vasodilation?= "Secrete prostacyclin, NO to relax arterioles, endothelin to cause vasoconstriction"

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Question 42 of 46

What do postcapillary venules contain?= "Endothelium, pericytes"

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Question 43 of 46

What do muscular venules contain?= "2 layers smooth muscle, endothelial cells"

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Question 44 of 46

What is the size of veins? =1-40mm

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Question 45 of 46

What is the difference between veins and muscular arteries? ="Thinner tunics, no IEL, thick adventitia, contain valves"

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Question 46 of 46

Why are veins in the leg thicker?= Oppose greater forces from gravity

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