Lecture 23

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Question 1 of 43

What is segmentation as opposed to peristalsis?= Only inner circular or outer longitudinal muscle layer contracts

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Question 2 of 43

What happens as a result of gastric reflux?= Oesophagitis

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Question 3 of 43

What is a result of chronic oesophagitis?= Gastric ulcers

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Question 4 of 43

What is the result of persistant oesophagitis?= Barrett's oesophagus

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Question 5 of 43

What takes place during Barret's oesophagus?= Epithelium undergo metaplasia and convert into intestinal glandular epithelium

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Question 6 of 43

What is the end of Barrett's oesophagus?= Oesophageal cancer

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Question 7 of 43

What is the primary function of the stomach?= Storage of food

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Question 8 of 43

What are rugae?= Transient folds of mucosa

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Question 9 of 43

What is the pyloric sphincter formed from?= Thickening of muscularis interna

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Question 10 of 43

What is the secretion of the cardia?= Mucous

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Question 11 of 43

What is the secretion of the pyloris?= Mucous

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Question 12 of 43

What are the secretions of the fundus?= Acid, enzymes

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Question 13 of 43

What are the secretions of the body (stomach)?= acid, enzymes

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Question 14 of 43

What muscle layer is most luminal in the body of the stomach?= Oblique layer

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Question 15 of 43

What do parietal cells secrete? (2)= HCL, intrinsic factor

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Question 16 of 43

What is the function of HCL? (2)= Sterilise food, acidify environment

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Question 17 of 43

What is the result of a decrease in HCL?= Gastroentoritis

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Question 18 of 43

What do chief cells secrete?= Pepsinogen

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Question 19 of 43

What converts pepsinogen into pepsin?= HCL

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Question 20 of 43

What is the result of chief cell dysfunction?= Decreased protein digestion

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Question 21 of 43

What is the function of intrinsic factor?= B12 absorption => RBC haematopoises

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Question 22 of 43

What is the result of a decrease in intrinsic factor?= Pernicious anaemia

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Question 23 of 43

What do the simple columnar mucous cells form?= Mucous coat

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Question 24 of 43

Why is the mucous coat alkaline?= HCO3- from parietal cells

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Question 25 of 43

What are the other protective mechanisms of simple columnar epithelium?= Phospholipid enrichment, rapid replacement

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Question 26 of 43

What does PE2 stimulate? (2)= Mucous coat, phospholipid enrichment

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Question 27 of 43

What is a consequence of repeated and continuous use of NSAIDs?= Barrier of epithelial tissue compromised, stimulation of HCL and histamines

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Question 28 of 43

How does helicobacter pylori attack the stomach? (2)= Secretes urease which affects mucous coat, secretes toxins which damage columnar epithlial mucous cells.

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Question 29 of 43

What cells are located in the neck region?= Mucous neck cells

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Question 30 of 43

What are the types of enteroendocrine cells? (3)= G cells, ECL cells, D cells

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Question 31 of 43

What do G cells secrete?= Gastrin

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Question 32 of 43

Describe the gastrin negative feedback system?= Gastrin stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates parietal cells to secrete acid which stimulates D cells to secrete somatostatin which inhibits gastrin and histamine production

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Question 33 of 43

What effect does PE2 have on enteroendocrine cells?= Inhibits G and ECL cells

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Question 34 of 43

Which direction do undifferentiated stem cells migrate?= Up and down

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Question 35 of 43

Which vessel absorbs carbs and proteins?= Venous capillary

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Question 36 of 43

Which vessel absorbs lipids?= Lacteal lymphatic vessel

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Question 37 of 43

Where do the absorbed carbs and proteins go?= Liver via hepatic portal vein

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Question 38 of 43

Where do the lacteals go?= Blood circulation

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Question 39 of 43

What does the smooth muscle in the muscularis mucosae do? (2)= Localised villus movement, squeezing lacteal

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Question 40 of 43

What could be the result of poor circulation in the intestine?= Malabsorption/malnutrition

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Question 41 of 43

What happens in caeliac's disease?= Villous atrophy, malabsorption

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Question 42 of 43

What is embedded in small intestine microvilli brush border?= Digestive enzymes (enterokinases, glycosadases)

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Question 43 of 43

What lies on top of the microvilli?= Glycocalyx > binds desirable molecules, barrier to undesirables

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