Lecture 2

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Question 1 of 45

What are the types of connective tissue? (3) = Proper, fluid, supporting

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Question 2 of 45

What are the types of connective tissue proper? (2) = Loose, dense

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Question 3 of 45

Where is loose connective tissue found? = areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

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Question 4 of 45

What are the tissues made up of dense connective tissue? (3) = dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

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Question 5 of 45

What are the types of fluid connective tissue? (2) = blood, lymph

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Question 6 of 45

What are the types of supporting connective tissues? (2) = Cartilage, bone

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Question 7 of 45

What are the types of cartilage? (3) = Hyaline, elastic, fibrous

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Question 8 of 45

What are the cells involved in cartilage? (4) = Chondroprogenitor cells, Chondroblasts, Chondrocytes, Chondroclasts

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Question 9 of 45

What makes up the perichondrium? (2) = Outer fibrous layer, inner contains chondroprogenitor cells

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Question 10 of 45

Where is hyaline cartilage found? (4) = synovial joints, larynx, trachea, nasal septum

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Question 11 of 45

What is the function of hyaline cartilage? = Provides stiff but moderately flexible support

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Question 12 of 45

Where is elastic cartilage found? (2) = auricle of external ear, epiglottis 

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Question 13 of 45

What is the function of elastic cartilage? = Provides support while tolerating distortion

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Question 14 of 45

Where is fibrous cartilage found? (2) = Pubis symphysis, vertebral discs

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Question 15 of 45

What is the function of fibrous cartilage? = Tough support, resists compression

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Question 16 of 45

What is in the ECM of Hyaline cartilage? (3) = Hyaluronic acid, obscured collagen fibres, protein

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Question 17 of 45

What is in the ECM of fibrous cartilage? = Collagen fibres

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Question 18 of 45

What is in the ECM of elastic cartilage? = Elastic fibres

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Question 19 of 45

What are the cells in bone? (4) = Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

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Question 20 of 45

What is in the periosteum? (2) = Outer contains fibres, inner contains osteoprogenitor cells

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Question 21 of 45

What type of growth is associated with bone? = Appositional

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Question 22 of 45

Which is vascularised…bone or cartilage? = Bone

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Question 23 of 45

What are the components of an osteon? (2) = Concentric lamallae, central canal

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Question 24 of 45

What are the channels and holes, in bone outside the osteons? (2) = Canaliculi, lacunae

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Question 25 of 45

Which bone has no lamellae? = Woven bone

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Question 26 of 45

Which bone has parallel lamellae but no osteons? = Spongey bone

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Question 27 of 45

Which bone has lamellae and osteons? = Compact bone

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Question 28 of 45

What is the first step in skeletogenesis? = Establishment of the mesenchymal structure of the skeleton

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Question 29 of 45

What are the mechanisms in establishing the mesenchymal skeleton? (3) = Settlement of migrating cells, formation of a matrix, proliferation and apoptosis

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Question 30 of 45

What types of factors influence mesenchymal condensation? (2) = Patterning, differentiation

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Question 31 of 45

What do differntiation factors do? = Determine the identity of skeletal cells

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Question 32 of 45

What do patterning factors do? = Specificy the number, shape and location of skeletal elements

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Question 33 of 45

Which factors differentiates mesenchyme into bone? = Runx2, Osx

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Question 34 of 45

Which factor differentiates mesenchyme into cartilage? = Sox9

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Question 35 of 45

What type of structure is invaded by blood vessels during condensation? = Mesenchymal bone

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Question 36 of 45

What does the absence or presence of blood result in? (3) = Runx2,Osx: osteoprogenitor cells Sox9: chondroprogenitor cells

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Question 37 of 45

What are the steps to arriving at lamellar bone? (5) = Mesenchymal cells + blood > Osteoblasts + collagen > Osteoid + calcification, Woven bone + organise ECM,Lamellar bone

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Question 38 of 45

What is not in woven bone histological images? = lamellae

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Question 39 of 45

What is in spongey bone histological images? = Trabeculae

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Question 40 of 45

What does cartilage turn into? (2) = Bone, persistent cartilage

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Question 41 of 45

What triggers the transformation of cartilage into bone? = Vasculature

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Question 42 of 45

What is the first bone formed? = Bone collar

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Question 43 of 45

How do chondrocytes receive nutrients? = Diffusion

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Question 44 of 45

What happens to chondrocytes of preosteogenic condensations? (3) = Hypertophy, calcify matrix, die for lack of nutrients

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Question 45 of 45

What happens when chondrocytes die? (2) = Lacunae formed, blood vessels bring osteocytes into lacunae

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