Lecture 38

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Question 1 of 45

What are the sections of the liver called? = Lobules.

Question 1 of 45

Question 2 of 45

What structures make up the portal triad? (3) = Hepatic arteries (branches), veins (branches) and bile ducts.

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Question 3 of 45

Which vein brings nutrient rich deoxygenated blood to the liver? = Hepatic vein.

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Question 4 of 45

What lies in the centre of the lobules? = Central vein.

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Question 5 of 45

What brings oxygenated blood to the lobules? = Branch of hepatic vein.

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Question 6 of 45

What is the path of bile from hepatocytes? (3) = Intercellular bile canaliculi, bile ductules, bile duct > gall bladder.

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Question 7 of 45

What is the function of bile? (2) = Emulsify fat, fat absorption.

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Question 8 of 45

Explain the process of emulsification? (2) = Break down lipids into smaller globules → pancreatic enzymes digest.

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Question 9 of 45

What type of gland is the pancreas? (2) = Exocrine and endocrine.

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Question 10 of 45

What does it do most? = Exocrine.

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Question 11 of 45

What is the exocrine function? = Digestive enzymes to break down proteins, carbs, lipids.

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Question 12 of 45

Describe the path of the digestive pancreatic enzymes? (5) = Acinus cell → intercalated duct → interlobular duct → main pancreatic duct.

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Question 13 of 45

What digests most food substances? = Pancreas.

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Question 14 of 45

What are the ‘inputs’ into the duodenum? (3) (substances) = Chyme (stomach), bile (liver), digestive enzymes (pancreas).

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Question 15 of 45

What are the ways of increasing surface area of the gut tube? (4) = Gross convolutions, plicae, villi, microvilli.

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Question 16 of 45

Name the layers of the gut tube? (5) = Mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis circular layer, muscularis longitudinal layer, serosa

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Question 17 of 45

What does the submucosa contain? (gland) = Mucous glands (glands of brunner)

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Question 18 of 45

What do they make? = Mucous (HCO3 rich)

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Question 19 of 45

What is the purpose of bicarbonate? = Neutralises acid of chime.

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Question 20 of 45

What is the bonus of neutralised pH? = Optimised for pancreatic enzymes.

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Question 21 of 45

What happens in blood vessels in small intestine? (4) = Oxy blood → absorption of nutrients → hep portal vein → liver.

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Question 22 of 45

What other vessel is in the small intestine? = Lacteal.

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Question 23 of 45

What does it do? = Lymph vessel transports lipids (absorbed).

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Question 24 of 45

What do the muscle fibres in the lamina propria do? (2) = Shorten villas, milk lacteal.

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Question 25 of 45

What are the sections of the intestine above the muscularis mucosa? = Villus (envag), intestinal gland (invag).

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Question 26 of 45

What are the absorptive cells of the villus / intestinal gland? (2) = Enterocytes.

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Question 27 of 45

What cell secretes mucous? = Goblet.

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Question 28 of 45

What cells secrete bactericidal enzyme lysozyme? = Paneth cells.

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Question 29 of 45

What is the flow chart of enteroendocrine cells? (3) = Chyme > enteroendocrine cells (secretin) > blood stream > pancreatic juice.

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Question 30 of 45

What replaces cells when they die? = Stem cells.

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Question 31 of 45

What is on the surface of enterocytes? = Brush border microvilli (increase SA).

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Question 32 of 45

What are the roles of the large intestine? )(5) = Absorb salts and water, bacteria ferment carb cellulose > produce Vit B & K, chime-faeces, lubricate with mucous, transport for defecation.

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Question 33 of 45

Which valve controls flow of chime into cecum? = Ileocecal valve.

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Question 34 of 45

What digests cellulose in the cecum? = Bacteria.

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Question 35 of 45

What do faeces contain? (4) = 30% bacteria, 30% fibre, intestinal lining, mucous.

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Question 36 of 45

What are the thickened strips of muscle called? Sacs? = Teniae coli, haustra coli.

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Question 37 of 45

What is above the muscularis mucosae in the large intestine? = Intestinal gland.

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Question 38 of 45

What cells are present? (4) = Goblet, enterocytes, stem cells, WBC.

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Question 39 of 45

What are the layers of the anal sphincter? (2) = Internal/external.

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Question 40 of 45

What muscles are present in each? = Internal – smooth. External – smooth and skeletal.

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Question 41 of 45

When does the urge to defecate come? = Rectum is 25% full.

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Question 42 of 45

What happens with hypermotiloty of intestines? = Diarrhoea.

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Question 43 of 45

What else can cause diarrhoea? (2) = Cholera (increased Cl), non-functioning enterocytes.

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Question 44 of 45

What causes constipation? = Decreased motility

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Question 45 of 45

How do laxatives work? = Increased motility

Question 45 of 45