Lecture 34

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Question 1 of 44

What is unloaded cartilage? = Cartilage with no pressure exerted upon it by the articular joint. - Cartilage with no pressure exerted upon it by the articular joint.

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Question 2 of 44

What do many proteoglycans complexes attract? (Negative charges attract) (3) : Potassium, Calcium, Sodium : Potassium, Calcium, Sodium

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Question 3 of 44

What does this do? = Draws ions into cartilage.

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Question 4 of 44

What does an increase of ions do? (3) = Draws water, O2, nutrients.

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Question 5 of 44

Is this hydrophilic or hydrophobic? = Hydrophilli.

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Question 6 of 44

What happens with the cartilage with the influx of water? = Swells.

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Question 7 of 44

What does this do to the collagen within the cartilage? = Puts it under tension.

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Question 8 of 44

What happens when swelling force is equal to tension force? = Stops swelling.

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Question 9 of 44

What is this (state) known as? = Unloaded equilibrium.

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Question 10 of 44

What does a load introduced onto the cartilage do initially? = Ions + H2O leave cartilage into joint (& waste CO2).

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Question 11 of 44

What is the result of outflow of water, calcium and potassium ions? = Shrinking cartilage.

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Question 12 of 44

What does the ↓ H2O do to the volume of cartilage? = Shrinking cartilage.

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Question 13 of 44

What is this known as? = Creep.

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Question 14 of 44

What supports the introduced load? (2) = Repulsion of negative charges in proteoglycans, solid cartridge.

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Question 15 of 44

What are the mobile fluid components? = Ca2+, K+, H2O, nutrients, O2, Na+.

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Question 16 of 44

What happens to cartilage that is frequently compressed / decompressed? : Waste out, nutrients in : (healthy cartilage).

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Question 17 of 44

Why? = No blood vessels, nutrients.

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Question 18 of 44

What is a property of Hyaluronic Acid? = Attracts water.

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Question 19 of 44

What help does this offer to a developing fetus? = Protection from occlusion of the umbilical cord.

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Question 20 of 44

What surrounds all synovial joints? = Synovial capsule.

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Question 21 of 44

What layers of articular capsule? (2) = Fibrous layer, synovial membrane.

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Question 22 of 44

What is the capsule often reinforced by? = Ligaments.

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Question 23 of 44

What is the fibrous layer made of? (2) = Regular and irregular dense connective tissue.

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Question 24 of 44

What are thickenings of the fibrous layer called? = Capsular ligaments.

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Question 25 of 44

What does the fibrous layer blend with at the bone? = Periosteum.

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Question 26 of 44

What cells are in the fibrous layer? = Fibroblasts.

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Question 27 of 44

What nerves are in the fibrous layer? (2) = Nociceptors / proprioceptors.

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Question 28 of 44

Why do fibrous layers take a long time to heal? = Limited vascular system.

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Question 29 of 44

What does the synovial membrane line? = Everything except articular cartilage.

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Question 30 of 44

What are the layers of the synovial membrane? (2) = Intima, subintima.

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Question 31 of 44

What cells are in the subintima? (3) = Fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophytes.

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Question 32 of 44

Where does synovial fluid come from? = Blood plastma (ultra iltrate).

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Question 33 of 44

What cells make the intima? = Synoviocytes.

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Question 34 of 44

What do they secrete? = Hyaluronic acid & extra.

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Question 35 of 44

What is in joint cavities? = Synovial fluid & villi.

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Question 36 of 44

What does muscle do? = Converts ATP → kinetic energy.

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Question 37 of 44

What are the main functions of muscle? (5) = Movement, communication, stability, sphincter, heat.

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Question 38 of 44

How much heat comes from skeletal muscle? = 85%.

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Question 39 of 44

How much heat can shivering generate in comparison? = 4 x.

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Question 40 of 44

What is the function where muscle - tendon? = Myotendious junction (mtj).

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Question 41 of 44

What is the junction where tendon - bone? = Osteotendinors junction (otj).

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Question 42 of 44

Which attachment moves the most? = Insertion (usually).

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Question 43 of 44

Which attachment moves the least? = Origin.

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Question 44 of 44

Which is closest to the axial skeleton? = Origin.

Question 44 of 44