Lecture 31

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Question 1 of 45

What are the different functions of bone? (6) = Support, protection, movement, fat storage, haemopoiesis, calcium and phosphorus store.

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Question 2 of 45

What are the different regions of the skeleton? (2) = Axial, appendicular.

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Question 3 of 45

Which functions are associated with each region? (5) = Axial: Haemopoises, support, protection. ) Both: Calcium and phosphorus. Append: Movement, fat storage. )

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Question 4 of 45

What are the different areas of a long bone? (3) = Ephiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis.

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Question 5 of 45

How much can muscles contract? = 1/3 of their length.

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Question 6 of 45

What is the importance of a calcium reserve? (used by?) = Muscle contraction.

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Question 7 of 45

What is the importance of phosphorus? = Building tissue, e.g. DNA.

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Question 8 of 45

What components of blood does the bone make? (3) = Platelets, RBC, WBC.

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Question 9 of 45

What is yellow bone marrow? = Triglycerides / fat.

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Question 10 of 45

What is hard bone called? = Compact bone (10mm diaphysis, 1mm epiphysis).

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Question 11 of 45

What is the space inside the centre of the bone? (diaphysis) = Medullary space.

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Question 12 of 45

What type of bone marrow is found in the centre of a long bone in an adult? = Yellow.

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Question 13 of 45

What is the outer layer called? = Periosteum.

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Question 14 of 45

What are inside the periosteum? (2) = Blood vessels / nerves.

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Question 15 of 45

What attaches the periosteum to the bone tissue? = Sharpy’s fibres.

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Question 16 of 45

What is found inside the medullary space? (diaphysis) = Bone marrow / endosteum.

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Question 17 of 45

Which has more compact bone – diaphysis or epiphysis? = Diaphysis.

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Question 18 of 45

What causes trabeculae? = Endosteum.

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Question 19 of 45

What type of bone marrow is in the proximal epiphysis? = Red.

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Question 20 of 45

What is on the articular surface of a long bone? = Cartilage.

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Question 21 of 45

What is the function of spongy bone? = Resist forces acting on it from other bones / direct force to compact bone of diaphysis.

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Question 22 of 45

Where is the load transmitted to from epiphysis? = Compact bone of diaphysis.

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Question 23 of 45

What cells maintain bone? (2) = Osteoblasts / osteocytes.

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Question 24 of 45

What is in the extracellular matrix? (2) (in bone) = Fibres, ground substance.

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Question 25 of 45

What is the ground substance in bone? = H2O, hydroxyapatite.

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Question 26 of 45

What type of tissue is bone? = Connective tissues.

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Question 27 of 45

What are the major type of collagen fibre in bone? = Type 1.

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Question 28 of 45

What is the property of Type 1 collagen fibres? = Resist tension.

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Question 29 of 45

What is the property of hydroxyapatite? = Resist compression.

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Question 30 of 45

What types of force does the bone resist? (3) = Tension, compression, torsion.

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Question 31 of 45

Concerning dry weight, how much makes up fibres and ground substance? = 1/3 fibres, 2/3 ground substance.

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Question 32 of 45

What types of cells does bone contain? (4) = Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.

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Question 33 of 45

Describe the precursor / location / function of osteogenic cells? = Location: Surface (periosteum) endosteum. Function: Precursor to osteoblasts. Precursor: Stem cells

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Question 34 of 45

Describe the precursor / location / function of osteoblasts? = Location: Under periosteum / endosteum. Function: Creation of ostoid. Precursor: Osteogenic cells

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Question 35 of 45

Describe the precursor / location / function of osteocytes? = Location: Within lacunae. Function: Repair / Ca2+ exchange. Precursor: Osteoblasts

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Question 36 of 45

Describe the precursor / location / function of osteoclasts? = Location: Throughout bone. Function: Dissolve / absorb bone. Precursor: Fusion of monocyte progenitor cells.

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Question 37 of 45

What makes the endo osteum “active”? = The presence of osteoblasts.

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Question 38 of 45

What is osteoid? = 70% collagen + proteoglycons + water + proteins.

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Question 39 of 45

What is calcification? = Infiltration of hydroxyapatite into ostoid.

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Question 40 of 45

Why does bone take a long time to calcify? = As dense bone forms nutrients and H2O have difficulty moving through it.

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Question 41 of 45

How do osteocytes form? = They are oseoblasta which get trapped in the lacunae within bone.

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Question 42 of 45

How do they communicate neighbouring cells? = Process called analiculusi extend from cell to cell.

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Question 43 of 45

What is a syncytium? = A cell formed by fusion of other cells.

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Question 44 of 45

What two components do osteoclasts need to break down? (How?) = Hydroxapatile (acid), proteins.

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Question 45 of 45

What are endocytosis and exocytosis? = Endocytosis is where osteoclast absorbs material from bone it is destroying, it neutralises the material and then ejects it (exocytosis).

Question 45 of 45