Lecture 30

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Question 1 of 35

How does water enter cells? = When osmolarity of cells > interstitial / blood osmolarity.

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Question 2 of 35

Where does an isotonic drink go? = Stays in the blood as osmolarity intracell / extra cells has no change.

Question 2 of 35

Question 3 of 35

What is the pathway for ADH/vasopressin that allows H2O to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct? = Hypothalamus neurosecretory cells → pos pituitary → blood stream → vasorecta of collecting duct → insertion of apic membrane pores →↑ H2O permeability → reabsorption of H2O.

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Question 4 of 35

What effect does this have on urine? (2) = Conc ↑, vol ↓.

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Question 5 of 35

What is the osmalarity of filtrate? = 300.

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Question 6 of 35

Why does osmalarity not increase when H2O leaves the proximal convoluted tubule? = Na+ leaves 1st (isomolaric).

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Question 7 of 35

What is the osmolarity at the bottom of the loop of henle? = 1200.

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Question 8 of 35

What decreases the osmalarity to ~100 at the top of the loop? = Na+ pumps.

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Question 9 of 35

What is the osmalarity of urine in the presence of ADP? = 1200.

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Question 10 of 35

What is the osmalarity of urine in the absence of ADP? = As low as 50.

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Question 11 of 35

Where does ADP come from? = Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus.

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Question 12 of 35

What releases ADP into the blood stream? = Stimulation of neurosecretory cells by nervous innervation.

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Question 13 of 35

What stimulates innervation of neurosecretory release? = Innervation from osmoreceptors.

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Question 14 of 35

How is an osmoroceptor innervated? = When it shrinks, Na+ channels open and Na+ enters and stimulates action potential.

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Question 15 of 35

What causes osmoreceptor to shrink? = Osmolality in blood plasma.

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Question 16 of 35

Other than plasma osmalarity, what stimulates ADH release? = Blood volume ↓.

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Question 17 of 35

How does the kidney regulate sodium balance in the body? (system) = Renin – angiotensin – aldosterone system.

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Question 18 of 35

Which cells respond to low sodium levels in distal convoluted tubule? = Macula donsa.

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Question 19 of 35

Which cells release renin? = Juxtoglomerular cells / granular cells.

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Question 20 of 35

What else causes renin release? (2) = ↓ blood volume (detected in afferent arteriole), nerve impulse (sympathetic).

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Question 21 of 35

What does renin increase to angiotensin II levels? = ↑.

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Question 22 of 35

What does an increase in angiotensin II do? (2) = Vasoconstriction / aldosterone ↑.

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Question 23 of 35

Which part of the adrenal glands release aldosterone? = Cortex.

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Question 24 of 35

What does aldosterone do in the distal tubule and collecting duct? = ↑ Na+ / K+ pumps / H2O in distal tubule / collecting duct → H2O into blood.

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Question 25 of 35

How does fruit and vege absence in diet affect blood volume? = Low levels of K+ prevent active transport efficiency.

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Question 26 of 35

What happens to blood volume when NaC1 is ingested? = Increase blood volume (cell H2O → blood).

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Question 27 of 35

What does increase in blood volume have on renin release? = Decrease renin.

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Question 28 of 35

What effect will this have on GFR? = Vasodilation afferent artriole →↑  GFR.

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Question 29 of 35

What effect will this have on aldosterone? = ↓ aldosterone →↓  Na+ pumps in collecting duct →↑  urine H2O and Na+.

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Question 30 of 35

What else is affected by increased blood volume? = Baroceptors / atrial receptors.

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Question 31 of 35

What does ncrease atrial stretch do? = Release atrial natriuretic peptide release.

Question 31 of 35

Question 32 of 35

What do atrial natriuretic peptide, ↑ GFR, ↓ aldosterone have on Na+ in collecting ducts / distal tubule? = Reduced reabsorption of Na+ from collecting duct / distal tubule.

Question 32 of 35

Question 33 of 35

What effect does ↑Na+ secretion have on blood volume? = ↓ BV. (H2O follows Na+).

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Question 34 of 35

What effect does decrease in blood volume have on receptors? (3)

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Question 35 of 35

What order do homeostasis controls take place? (3) = Nerve response, cellular fluid response, hormone response.

Question 35 of 35