Lecture 20

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Question 1 of 32

What is sex determination? = Sex determination is the genetic determination of gender. Commitment of the gonal (bipotential) to a testis or an overy.

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Question 2 of 32

What is sex differentiation? = Sex differentiation is the development of the sexual characteristics in a fetus by hormones produced by the gonad.

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Question 3 of 32

What controls sex determination in mammals? = The SRY gene in the Y chromosome.

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Question 4 of 32

Where is the SRY gene? = It is the sex determining region in the Y chromosome.

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Question 5 of 32

What is a bipotential gonad? = A precursor gonad that could develop into either male or female.

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Question 6 of 32

What is a mesoderm? = Precursor tissue (primordial gonad).

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Question 7 of 32

What will happen if there is no action upon the bipotential gonad? = It will generally develop female characteristics

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Question 8 of 32

Which is male – the Mullerian duct or the Wolffian duct? = The Wolfarion duct is the precursor to male reproductive systems.

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Question 9 of 32

Which hormones promote development of the Mullerian duct? = Oestogens and progesterans.

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Question 10 of 32

Which cells from the testis provide the anti-mullerian hormone? = Sertoli (anti-Mullerian hormone).

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Question 11 of 32

Which cells provide the testosterone for male development? = Leydig (testosterone).

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Question 12 of 32

What are the steps of male development? (2-3) = Formation of testis, leydig cells release testosterone which develops the Wolfarion ducts into the male systems, sertoli cells release anti-Mullerian hormones which cause the Mullerian duct to regress.

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Question 13 of 32

What are the steps of female development? (2-3) = Absence of SRY gene causes bipotential gonad to develop ovarian characteristics. Oestrogen and progestogens cause development of the Mullerian ducts into the female reproductive system and Wofarion duct regression.

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Question 14 of 32

What is the external genitalia like in the 5th week gestation? = Indistinguishable between male/female (undifferentiated).

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Question 15 of 32

Which hormone drives the differentiation of the male sex organs? = Testosterone.

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Question 16 of 32

What hormone is very low in childhood until puberty? = Gonadotropins. (GnRH)

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Question 17 of 32

What blood hormone shows puberty is in action? = LH increase at night.

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Question 18 of 32

What does staging criteria allow? = To discern if there may be something wrong with development.

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Question 19 of 32

Compare male and female growth spurt during puberty? = Females at 12, males at 14 (males longer growth period).

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Question 20 of 32

What is the first sign of secondary sexual development? = Breast bud (10/11) / enlargement of testes.

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Question 21 of 32

Which hormone type differentiates the physical form of male and female? = Androgens.

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Question 22 of 32

What is the trend of age of menarche in girls? = Declined. 17>12/

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Question 23 of 32

What is the probable cause of earlier age of menarche? = Body weight threshold (47kg).

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Question 24 of 32

What are the ages of precocious puberty suspicion in male and female? = 7 years in girls, 14 in boys.

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Question 25 of 32

What is the age of suspected delayed puberty in male and female? = 13 years girls, 14 in boys.

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Question 26 of 32

What causes the onset of menopause? = No viable follicles (50 – 52 years old).

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Question 27 of 32

What are the numbers of follicles before birth, after birth, puberty, 31 years, 50+? = Before Birth: 7,000,000. At birth: 1,000,000. At puberty: 400,000. At 31: 200,000. After 50: less than 1000

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Question 28 of 32

Describe menstruation frequency for a female above 40? = Regular until 46 – irregular menstruation until 50 – menopause.

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Question 29 of 32

What are the three phases of menopause? (4) = Premenopause, menopausal, post menopausal.

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Question 30 of 32

Which hormones decrease during menopause? = Oestrogen.

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Question 31 of 32

What are the categories of menopausal symptoms? (4) = Vasomotor (hot flushes), psychological (behavioural), bone metabolism, genitourinary.

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Question 32 of 32

How can many symptoms be prevented? = Most can be prevented by oestrogen supplementation (may cause cancer).

Question 32 of 32