Lecture 2

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Question 1 of 77

What is the function of SMGLA?
Reading skills.

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Question 2 of 77

What is the function of AGLA?
Writing skills.

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Question 3 of 77

How many cervical nerves do we have?
8

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Question 4 of 77

How many cervical vertebrae?
7

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Question 5 of 77

Where is the cervical enlargement?
C4 – C8

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Question 6 of 77

How many pairs of thoracic nerves?
12

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Question 7 of 77

Where is the lumbar enlargement?
Lower thoracic – lumbar.

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Question 8 of 77

What happens to the spinal cord at L1?
Becomes a cone called conus medullaris

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Question 9 of 77

What are the cauda equina?
Means horses’ tail – spinal cord separates.

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Question 10 of 77

How many lumbar nerves?
5

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Question 11 of 77

How many sacral nerves?
5

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Question 12 of 77

How many coccygeal nerves?
1

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Question 13 of 77

How many nerves altogether?
31

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Question 14 of 77

What are the two types of sensory input?
Discriminative & non-discriminative.

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Question 15 of 77

What is the pathway of discriminative sensation from skin to spinal cord?
Encapsulated receptor – dorsal root – dorsal root ganglion – dorsal column.

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Question 16 of 77

How fast does discriminative sensation transfer?
50 m/s.

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Question 17 of 77

What are the two types of discriminative sensation?
Touch & pressure.

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Question 18 of 77

What do Meissner’s corpuscle and Pacinian corpuscles sense?
Pacinian: pressure, vibration, touch. Meissner’s: pain, tickle, itch, temperature, touch.

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Question 19 of 77

What is a pseudo unipolar neuron?
Has body in centre

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Question 20 of 77

What is the pathway for non-discriminative sensation to the spinal cord?
Free nerve ending – dorsal root – dorsal root ganglion – dorsal grey horn – anterior white commissure – lateral spinothalamic tract.

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Question 21 of 77

What is the speed of an unmyelinated nerve?
1 m/s.

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Question 22 of 77

What are three types of ‘separate cell’ sensors?
Photoreceptors, Taste receptors, Hearing

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Question 23 of 77

What is the difference between a generator and receptor potential?
Generator triggers nerve impulse, receptor triggers neurotransmitter release.

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Question 24 of 77

What environment do exteroceptors provide information about?
The proximal environment (external) hearing, smell, touch, pain.

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Question 25 of 77

Where are interoceptors located?
Within blood vessels / organs (internal environment) usually unconscious.

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Question 26 of 77

Where are proprioceptors located?
Muscles / ear / tendons / joints.

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Question 27 of 77

What receptors respond to deformation, stretching, or bending of cells?
Mechanoreceptors

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Question 28 of 77

What receptors respond to deformation, stretching, or bending of cells?
Mechanoreceptors

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Question 29 of 77

What receptors detect changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptors.

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Question 30 of 77

What do nocireceptors respond to?
Physical or chemical damage pain.

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Question 31 of 77

What sensors in the eye detect light?
Rods and cones (Photo receptors)

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Question 32 of 77

What are some examples of chemoreceptors?
Taste / smell (chemoreceptors)

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Question 33 of 77

What does an osmoreceptor detect?
Osmotic pressure in body fluids.

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Question 34 of 77

What is sensory adaption?
A reduction in receptor generator potential due to stimulation/overstimulation

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Question 35 of 77

Which parts of the body have the highest density of somatic sensory receptors? (3)
Lips, tongue, fingertips.

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Question 36 of 77

What are the 4 modalities for somatic sensation?
Tactile, pain, thermal, proprioceptive

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Question 37 of 77

What three types of receptors are associated with tactile sensation?
Meisner’s Corpuscle and Pacinian Corpuscle, free nerve endings.

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Question 38 of 77

What are two types of fast adapting sensory receptors?
Smell, touch.

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Question 39 of 77

What is one type of slowly adapting touch receptors (doesn’t desensitise)?
Pain.

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Question 40 of 77

What receptor responds best to pressure?
Pacinian.

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Question 41 of 77

Where are nociceptors not found?
Brain.

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Question 42 of 77

What two ways nociceptors are stimulated?
Pain and temperature.

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Question 43 of 77

What are the two types of pain?
Acute (fast, myelinated). Chronic (slow, unmyelinated).

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Question 44 of 77

What is referred pain?
A nerve impingement or organ tissue pain may refer pain to its correlated area in skin in the dermatome.

Question 44 of 77

Question 45 of 77

What are three types of proprioceptors?
Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint kinaesthetic receptors.

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Question 46 of 77

What does a muscle spindle measure?
Muscle stretch.

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Question 47 of 77

What does a Golgi tendon organ protect the tissues from?
Over tension.

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Question 48 of 77

What type of receptors are involved in joint kinaesthetic reception?
Mechanoreceptors.

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Question 49 of 77

What is the first level of protection for the brain and spinal cord?
Skull / vertebrae.

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Question 50 of 77

What is the second level of protection for the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges

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Question 51 of 77

What is the third level of protection for the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 51 of 77

Question 52 of 77

What are the three spinal meninges?
Dura mater (dura - tough), Arachnoid mater (arachnoid - spider-like), Pia mater.

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Question 53 of 77

Where is cerebrospinal fluid contained?
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater (subarachnoid space).

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Question 54 of 77

Where are the spinal enlargements located?
C4–C8, T8-T12.

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Question 55 of 77

List the type and number of spinal nerves.
Cervical: 8, Thoracic: 12, Lumbar: 5, Sacral: 5, Coccygeal: 1.

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Question 56 of 77

What type of nerve fibres do posterior roots contain?
Sensory.

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Question 57 of 77

What type of nerve fibres do anterior roots contain?
Motor.

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Question 58 of 77

What do the Meissner’s Corpuscles sense?
Touch.

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Question 59 of 77

What do the Pacinian Corpuscles sense?
Pressure.

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Question 60 of 77

How fast can a myelinatel nerve fire relay information?
50 m/s

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Question 61 of 77

How fast can an unmyelinatel nerve fire relay information?
1 m/s

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Question 62 of 77

What are the two pathways for discriminatory information?
dorsal column and spinothalamic tract

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Question 63 of 77

What is the reason for convergence?
Reduce nerve size.

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Question 64 of 77

Describe the pathway of non discriminative information.
Pain – dorsal root ganglion – grey horn – anterior white commissure – ventral funiculus.

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Question 65 of 77

If I felt pain on my left, which side of the spinal cord. carries the info?
Right.

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Question 66 of 77

If I felt pressure on my left, which side of the spinal cord carries the info?
Left.

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Question 67 of 77

At which level does discriminative information decussate?
Medulla

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Question 68 of 77

What are the fibres that facilitate decussation?
Internal arcuate fibres.

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Question 69 of 77

Which structure takes the information from cuneate / gracile nuclei?
Medial lemniscus.

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Question 70 of 77

Which area of the thalamus does the medial lemniscus take the info to?
Ventral posterior lateral nucleus.

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Question 71 of 77

Where do the thalamocortico neurons take the info? Through which structure?
From VPLN through internal capsule to sensory cortex.

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Question 72 of 77

How many neurons are involved in the discriminative pathway?
3

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Question 73 of 77

Where do non-discriminative sensory neurons synapse? Decussate?
Grey horn, anterior while commissure.

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Question 74 of 77

Which column takes the ascending non-discriminative information?
Ventral.

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Question 75 of 77

As non-discriminative information reaches the medulla, what is the pathway called?
Spinothalamic tract.

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Question 76 of 77

What is associative sensory loss?
Brain stem lesion.

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Question 77 of 77

What is a dissociative sensory loss?
Spinal lesion.

Question 77 of 77