Lecture 19

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What are the two roles for the reproductive systems of M and F? = Produce gametes, hormones.

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Question 2 of 45

What is the third role of the female reproductive system? = Support development of fetus.

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What are anteflex and retroflexed uterus.? = Anteflex uterus is 90o anteriorly tilted and flexed down. Retroflexed is retroverted (tilted posteriorly) and flexed down.

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Question 4 of 45

What are the internal and external os? = Narrowing of the cervical canal.

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Question 5 of 45

What are the three functions of the vagina? = Passage for childbirth, receives penis, elimination of menstrual fluids.

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Question 6 of 45

What are the mains tructures of the uterus? = Fundus infundibilum, uterine / fallopian tubes, fimbrae, ovary, cavity.

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What is MacDonald’s rule? = The height of uterus – from pubic bone (in cm) to top of fundus = no. of weeks of gestation.

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Question 8 of 45

What are the functions of the uterus? (3) = Support fetus nutrition, waste, physical protection.

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Question 9 of 45

What are the layers of the endometrium? (2) = Stratum functionalis, stratum basalis.

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What are their functions? = Stratum functionalis: contains uterine gland. Stratum basalis: adheres endometrium to myometrium (uterus).

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Question 11 of 45

Where does fertilisation usually take place? = Uterine tubes in the ampulla.

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Question 12 of 45

What are fimbriae? = Fingers on the end of the fallopian tubes.

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Question 13 of 45

What do non ciliated cells do in the uterine tube? = Secrete nutrients; create peristaltic action.

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Question 14 of 45

What provides the motion of the oocyte / sperm in the uterine tubes? (2) = Contraction / peristatic and cilia movement.

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Question 15 of 45

What is a tubule pregnancy? = If the egg does not migrate from the uterine tube to the uterus (ectopic pregnancy).

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What are its causes? = Damaged uterine tubule, smoking, age, STDs.

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Question 17 of 45

17 ?

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18 ?

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Question 19 of 45

Why is ovarian cancer not detected often? = It is hard to diagnose (palpate) until it reaches a larger size

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Question 20 of 45

What are the three areas of the ovary? = Medulla, hilus, cortex.

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Question 21 of 45

What is a granulosa cell? Thecal cells? = A follicular cell that surrounds follicles (1 layer in primary follicles). Athecal cells are formed from stromal cells, another layer outside ……cumulus oophorus coronona radiate in secondary follicle??.

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Question 22 of 45

What are the stages of follicle development? (4) = Primordial ollicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle.

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Question 23 of 45

What is the zona pellucida? = Layer around oocyte of glycoproteins.

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Question 24 of 45

Which hormone stimulates the primary follicle to grow?

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Question 25 of 45

What is an antral follicle? = Granulosa cells produce a follicular fluid (lake) = secondary follicle.

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Question 26 of 45

Which cells surround the antrum? = Thecal cells (from stromal cells) (theca ext and theca int).

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Question 27 of 45

Compare mature follicle and secondary follicle. = Oocyte suspended in antrium fluid.

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Question 28 of 45

How does the oocyte exit the ovary? = Follicle bulges out of ovarian surface – ruptures.

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Question 29 of 45

Which cells protect the oocyte after it exits the ovary? = Cumulus oophorus.

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Question 30 of 45

What is the corpus luteum? = The empty follicle breaks down and becomes corpus luteum (luteinisation).

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Question 31 of 45

Which process ensures the endometrium is ready to nurture the cells? = Thickening of the endometrium.

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Question 32 of 45

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation occurs? = Embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin and resucs corpus luteum, presence of corpus luteum raises secretion levels of progestogens.

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If not? = Absorbed back into the ovary tissue (stromal tissue).

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Question 34 of 45

What prevents the corpus luteum from dying? = The hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in CG secreted from the embryo’s chorion membrane.

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Question 35 of 45

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce? = Increased secretion of progestogens and oestrogens.

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Question 36 of 45

What is its life span (if fertilisation occurs)? = Around 10 weeks if fertilisation occurs, 2 weeks if not.

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Question 37 of 45

What does a pregnancy test detect? = Levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

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Question 38 of 45

What are the two phases of the ovarian and follicular cycles? = Follicular and luteal phases

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Question 39 of 45

What are the regulating hormones at each cycle? (Ovaries)

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Question 40 of 45

Which hormone stimulates growth of the stratum functionalis? = Oestrogen (oestradiol) (secondary follicle).

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Question 41 of 45

What are the three stages of the menstrual cycle? (3) = Proliferation, secretory phase, menstruation.

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Question 42 of 45

What is the difference between fertile and infertile cycles?

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Question 43 of 45

What happens when the anterior pituitary receives negative feedback of decreasing progesterone? = Menstruation occurs. FSH

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Question 44 of 45

What hormone stimulates release of more GnRH? = Oestrogen by positive feedback mature follicle (LH surge).

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Question 45 of 45

Draw the line graph of hormone levels: (LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone) over 28 days. = (Graph)

Question 45 of 45