Lecture 13

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Question 1 of 27

Do unmyelinated nerves have schwann cells?
Yes.

Question 1 of 27

Question 2 of 27

What causes influx of Ca+ into presynaptic cell?
Nerve impulse.

Question 2 of 27

Question 3 of 27

What does Ca+ in the cell do? (Prosnaptic)
Causes synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to bind with membraine.

Question 3 of 27

Question 4 of 27

What happens when neurotransmitter binds to ligand-got?? Receptors in the post synaptic neuron?
Liquid gases channels, Na+ enters post synaptic nerves.

Question 4 of 27

Question 5 of 27

What does Na+ in the postsynaptic cell do?
Stimulate depolarisation.

Question 5 of 27

Question 6 of 27

What happens when the autonomic nervous system stimulates the sympathetic efferent nerves? (9)
Saliva, pupils, HR, lungs, sweat, gut, blood sugar, vasoconstriction, heart contract.

Question 6 of 27

Question 7 of 27

What happens during stimulation of the parasympathetic system? (6)
Pupils, HR, lungs, sweat, gut, blood sugar, vasodilation.

Question 7 of 27

Question 8 of 27

What is the alarm response associated with? (3)
Excitation, emotion, emergency, fight or flight.

Question 8 of 27

Question 9 of 27

What is the relaxation response associated with? (3)
Rest and digest.

Question 9 of 27

Question 10 of 27

What are interoceptors?
Internal sensory cells.

Question 10 of 27

Question 11 of 27

Which areas of the brain largely control the automatic system?
Hypothalymus, brainstem, pituitary.

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Question 12 of 27

What are the effectors of the autonomic system?
Glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.

Question 12 of 27

Question 13 of 27

What are the neurotransmitters in the autonomic n.s.? (2)
Norepinephrine, acetylcholine.

Question 13 of 27

Question 14 of 27

Which nerves of the ANS are unmyelinated?
Post ganglionic.

Question 14 of 27

Question 15 of 27

Which use acetylcholine as neurotransmitters?
Pre ganglionic, parasympathetic post gi, sympathetic sweat, post sympathetic.

Question 15 of 27

Question 16 of 27

Which use norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?
Post ganglionic except sympathetic.

Question 16 of 27

Question 17 of 27

What causes Raynard Disease?
Chronic over stimulation of sympathetic nerves induced by stress or cold.

Question 17 of 27

Question 18 of 27

What are endocrine cells?
Cells that produce hormones made to affect distant cells.

Question 18 of 27

Question 19 of 27

What are paracrine hormones?
Hormones of paracrine cells that affect nearby cells.

Question 19 of 27

Question 20 of 27

What are autocrine hormones?
Hormones of autocrine cells that affect themselves.

Question 20 of 27

Question 21 of 27

What are the two types of hormones?
Water soluble / lipid soluble.

Question 21 of 27

Question 22 of 27

How do lipid soluble hormones affect cell activity? (4)
Transport protein – diffuse through lipid bilayer – receptor protein – gene expression – MRNA (new protein)– cell activity.

Question 22 of 27

Question 23 of 27

How do water soluble hormones affect cell activity? (7)
Blood – receptor protein in membrane – g protein – adenyl cylase – ATP – cAMP – protein kinases – enzymes phosporylatend (reactions catalysed).

Question 23 of 27

Question 24 of 27

What does adenylcyclase do?
Converts ATP – cAMP.

Question 24 of 27

Question 25 of 27

What do protein kineses do?
Phosphorylate enzymes.

Question 25 of 27

Question 26 of 27

What do phosphorylated enzymes do?
Catalyse reactions that change cell activity (physiological response).

Question 26 of 27

Question 27 of 27

How does cholera change cell activity?
binds to G protein – chronic activation of ATP – cAMP – protein kinases, phosphorylated enzymes, catalysed reaction that dumps C1 from the cells – chloride ions draw water from body – chronic diarrhoea.

Question 27 of 27